Diazoxon exposure increases susceptibility to infection by .

Various exogenous factors, such as microbiological and chemical contamination condition food security. () is the cause of salmonellosis. This bacterium utilizes phagocytosis to create bacterial reservoirs.

In vitro effect of diazoxon on cell signaling and second messengers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leukocytes.

The physiological and molecular responses of leukocytes are altered by organophosphate pesticides. Some reports have shown that diazinon causes immunotoxic effects; diazoxon, the oxon metabolite of diazinon, is attributed to influence the immune response by affecting the leukocyte cholinergic system. In this study, the in vitro effects of diazoxon on molecules involved in cell signaling (cAMP, IP3, DAG, JAK1, and STAT3), which play a crucial role in the activation, differentiation, and survival of leukocytes, were evaluated.

Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation in Invertebrates and Vertebrates.

Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have greatly facilitated food production worldwide, and their use is not limited to agriculture and the control of pests and disease vectors. However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can have negative effects on innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in humoral and cellular processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine expression, antibody production, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against external agents.

Hematologic analysis of hospitalized patients and outpatients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and possible use as a prognostic biomarker.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global health problem; this has caused thousands of deaths around the world. This infection induces hematologic alterations, and it is necessary to recognize predictive biomarkers to address the need for hospitalization or the severity of the disease. This study aimed to analyze different parameters in outpatients and hospitalized patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and determine whether hematic biometry can be used for prognosis rapidly.

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Outpatients and Its Association with Viral Load.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is the result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused more than 100 million infections and more than 2.5 million deaths worldwide, representing a serious public health problem. The gold method for detecting this virus is qRT-PCR, which is a semiquantitative technique where the viral load can be established through its cycle threshold (Ct).

Comparative Analysis of Age, Sex, and Viral Load in Outpatients during the Four Waves of SARS-CoV-2 in A Mexican Medium-Sized City.

Governments have implemented measures to minimize SARS-CoV-2 spread. However, these measures were relaxed, and the appearance of new variants has prompted periods of high contagion known as waves. In Mexico, four waves distributed between July and August 2020, January and February 2021, August and September 2021, and January and February 2022 have appeared.

Organophosphorus Pesticides as Modulating Substances of Inflammation through the Cholinergic Pathway.

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widespread insecticides used for pest control in agricultural activities and the control of the vectors of human and animal diseases. However, OPs' neurotoxic mechanism involves cholinergic components, which, beyond being involved in the transmission of neuronal signals, also influence the activity of cytokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules; thus, acute and chronic exposure to OPs may be related to the development of chronic degenerative pathologies and other inflammatory diseases. The present article reviews and discusses the experimental evidence linking inflammatory process with OP-induced cholinergic dysregulation, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms related to the role of cytokines and cellular alterations in humans and other animal models, and possible therapeutic targets to inhibit inflammation.

Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ ) in leucocytes as post-COVID-19 sequelae.

The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ ) is a parameter often used to determine mitochondrial function; therefore, it can be used to determine the integrity and functionality of cells. A decrement of ΔΨ is implicated in several inflammatory-related pathologies, such phenomena can be related to COVID-19 infection. The present work aimed to compare the ΔΨ in leucocytes (human PBMCs; HPBMC) isolated from healthy control (HC) subjects, patients with COVID-19 (C-19), recovered subjects at 40 ± 13 (R1) and 335 ± 20 (R2) days after infection (dai).

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treatment with fucoidan of mononuclear cells from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

COVID-19 is a worldwide health emergency, therapy for this disease is based on antiviral drugs and immunomodulators, however, there is no treatment to effectively reduce the COVID-19 mortality rate. Fucoidan is a polysaccharide obtained from marine brown algae, with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune-enhancing properties, thus, fucoidan may be used as an alternative treatment (complementary to prescribed medical therapy) for the recovery of COVID-19.  This work aimed to determine the effects of ex-vivo treatment with fucoidan on cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis, and senescence, besides functional parameters of calcium flux and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from SARS-CoV-2 infected, recovered and healthy subjects.

Diazinon toxicity in hepatic and spleen mononuclear cells is associated to early induction of oxidative stress.

Diazinon is an organophosphorus pesticide, which may have potential toxic effects on the liver and immune system; however, the underlying mechanisms remain mostly unidentified. This work is aimed at evaluating the oxidative stress and cell cycle alterations elicited by low-dose diazinon in a rat liver cell line (BRL-3A) and spleen mononuclear cells (SMC) from Wistar rats. Diazinon (10-50 μM) caused early reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (from 4 h) as well as increased O level (from 0.

Correlation of hematological parameters and cycle threshold in ambulatory patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Introduction: Former studies have shown that hematologic parameters are affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection which has caused a global health problem. Therefore, this research aims to identify the most frequent symptoms and comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 infected outpatients; besides, to analyze hematological parameters and their correlation with cycle threshold (Ct) values.

Methods: We analyzed a total of sixty outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Saliva Pooling Strategy for the Large-Scale Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Through Working-Groups Testing of Asymptomatic Subjects for Potential Applications in Different Workplaces.

Objective: To perform an improved large-scale SARS-CoV-2 detection on pooled tests of asymptomatic workers.

Methods: qRT-PCR validation of the SARS-CoV-2 detection in salivae samples and saliva pools and working-group saliva pooling and testing for SARS-CoV-2.

Results: We found a high Cycle threshold correlation (r = 0.

Alterations in the non-neuronal cholinergic system induced by in-vitro exposure to diazoxon in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus).

Organophosphate pesticides as diazinon disrupt the neuroimmune communication, affecting the innate and adaptive immune response of the exposed organisms. Since the target molecule of diazinon is typically the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), the existence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in leukocytes makes them susceptible to alterations by diazinon. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the activity of AChE, acetylcholine (ACh) concentration, and the expression of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR) and muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR) in spleen mononuclear cells (SMNC) of Nile tilapia (O.

Death of guppy fish () leukocytes induced by exposure to temephos and spinosad.

Temephos and spinosad are pesticides used for control of vector-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya and zika. However, the inadequate use of these substances has affected the health of non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare, the effects of temephos and spinosad on leukocyte viability and death, using guppy fish ( as a model organism.

In-vitro effect of diazoxon, a metabolite of diazinon, on proliferation, signal transduction, and death induction in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus).

The immune response of teleosts (bonefish) is altered by diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate pesticide. It has been suggested that such alteration is due to the extraneuronal cholinergic system in fish leukocytes that renders these cells a target of pesticides. Diazoxon (DZO), the oxon metabolite of DZN, has been attributed immunotoxic effects.

Altered phagocytic capacity due to acute exposure and long-term post-exposure to pesticides used for vector-borne disease as dengue.

Spinosad and temefos are widely used pesticides for chemical control of dengue vector-borne disease (). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of acute exposure (7 days) to spinosad (0.5 mg A.

Effect of diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, on signal transduction and death induction in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus).

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate pesticide characterized by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (E.C. 3.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in brain and immune cells of Oreochromis niloticus.

Nervous and immune systems maintain a bidirectional communication, expressing receptors for neurotransmitters and cytokines. Despite being well established in mammals, this has been poorly described in lower vertebrates as fishes. Experimental evidence shows that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) regulates the immune response.

Phagocytosis and ROS production as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leukocytes by exposure to organophosphorus pesticides.

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are broad-spectrum insecticides. One of the commonly used OPs is diazinon (DZN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effect of DZN on phagocytic parameters of blood leukocytes using the teleost fish Oreochromis niloticus as a study model.

Cholinergic alterations by exposure to pesticides used in control vector: Guppies fish (Poecilia reticulta) as biological model.

Spinosad and temephos are two of the most used pesticides in Mexico for the control of vector causing disease such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. The aim of this study was to compare the neurotoxic effects of these two pesticides using guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) as a model organism. Guppies were exposed for 7 and 21 days to technical grade temephos and spinosad at 1.

Effects of diazinon on the lymphocytic cholinergic system of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus).

Fish rearing under intensive farming conditions can be easily disturbed by pesticides, substances that have immunotoxic properties and may predispose to infections. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used in agricultural activities; however, the mechanism of immunotoxicity of these substances is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diazinon pesticides (OPs) on the cholinergic system of immune cells as a possible target of OP immunotoxicity.

Oxidative damage in gills and liver in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to diazinon.

Agricultural activity demands the use of pesticides for plague control and extermination. In that matter, diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Despite its benefits, the use of OPs in agricultural activities can also have negative effects since the excessive use of these substances can represent a major contamination problem for water bodies and organisms that inhabit them.

Assessment of pollution of the Boca de Camichin Estuary in Nayarit (Mexico) and its influence on oxidative stress in Crassostrea corteziensis oysters.

Boca de Camichin Estuary is one of the main producers of Crassostrea corteziensis oysters in Mexico, but the presence of pollutants can affect oyster production. Molluscs produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to changes in the environment and pollution. These ROS induce oxidative damage in biomolecules.