Sex Differences on the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs for Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review.

Effective optimal pharmacotherapy requires a comprehensive understanding of the drug's pharmacokinetic properties. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) influences medication pharmacokinetics. However, whether sex differences exist in the pharmacokinetics of drugs for children with CKD is unknown.

Efficacy and Safety of Allopurinol on Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: Hyperuricemia is associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether urate-lowering treatment with allopurinol can delay disease progression remains controversial.

Methods: Relevant databases were searched.

Efficacy and safety of low dose oral ketamine for controlling pain and distress during intravenous cannulation in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Ketamine is widely used in infants and young children for procedural sedation and anesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low dose oral ketamine to control pain and distress in children during intravenous (IV) cannulation.

Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, including children aged between 3 and 6 years requiring a non-emergent IV-line placement.

Colistin induced acute kidney injury in critically ill children: a prospective study utilizing RIFLE criteria.

Background: Colistin is one of the last resort antibiotic options for resistant gram-negative pathogens. Renal injury is the most common side effect of colistin. Characteristics of nephrotoxicity are well described in adults.

Catastrophic Brain Aspergillosis after Liver Transplantation.

. Liver transplantation has many complications. Because of receiving immunosuppressive regimens, infectious complications in these patients may have fatal results.

A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Colistin Loading Dose in Critically Ill Children.

Objective: Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies recommend applying loading dose of colistin for the treatment of severe infections in the critically ill adults. Pharmacokinetic studies of colistin in children also highlight the need for a loading dose. However, there are no clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of colistin loading dose in children.

Ciprofloxacin Use in Hospitalized Children: Approved or Off-label?

Objective: Fluoroquinolones are not routinely used as the first-line antimicrobial therapy in pediatrics. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved fluoroquinolones on certain indications in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate to what extent and how ciprofloxacin is used on approved indication or as off-label.

Pediatric hospital admission due to adverse drug reactions: Report from a tertiary center.

Objective: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are known as a cause of hospital admission. We have carried out a prospective study to characterize and assess the frequency, probability, preventability, and severity of ADRs, which lead to hospital admission in children.

Methods: In a prospective observational study, a cohort of children admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospital was randomly screened to assess ADR as the cause of admission from June 2014 to January 2015.

Adverse reactions of Methylphenidate in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Report from a referral center.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to determine various aspects of methylphenidate adverse reactions in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Iran.

Methods: During the 6 months period, all children under methylphenidate treatment alone or along with other agents attending a university-affiliated psychology clinic were screened regarding all subjective and objective adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of methylphenidate. Causality and seriousness of detected ADRs were assessed by relevant World Health Organization definitions.

Impact of preexisting diabetes mellitus on transplantation outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

New onset diabetes mellitus is frequently observed following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and is associated with adverse transplantation outcomes. However, the outcomes of patients with preexisting diabetes mellitus undergoing HSCT are largely unknown. We aimed to explore the impact of preexisting diabetes on transplantation outcomes in HSCT.

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes: effects on glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and lipid profile.

Selenium is an antioxidant trace element. Patients with diabetes are shown to have increased oxidative stress together with decreased selenium concentrations. Whether raising serum selenium will improve blood glucose management in diabetes is largely unknown.

Role of Omega-3 fatty acids in preventing metabolic disturbances in patients on olanzapine plus either sodium valproate or lithium: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects have been noted with the use of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and mood stabilizers. Since Omega-3 fatty acids have been known to prevent some cardiovascular risks, this preliminary study was designed to evaluate the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 when added to the combinations of olanzapine with mood stabilizers.

Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject trial in adult psychiatric patients who were receiving olanzapine combined with lithium (Li) or valproate sodium (VPA).

Topiramate versus Valproate Sodium as Adjunctive Therapies to a Combination of Lithium and Risperidone for Adolescents with Bipolar I Disorder: Effects on Weight and Serum Lipid Profiles.

Objective: To compare the effects of topiramate versus valproate sodium as an add-on therapy to a combination of lithium and risperidone (Li+Ris) on body weight and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.

Methods: In a single-blind randomized clinical trial, thirty children and adolescents with bipolar disorder type I in the manic or mixed phase, treated with the combination of Li+Ris at therapeutic doses for at least 4 weeks who had the indication of add-on therapy due to a recurrent episode; a partial response or non response in the current episode or relapse were included. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either topiramate or sodium valproate as the third drug add-on therapy for a total of 6 weeks.

Atorvastatin for the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis.

Study Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of oral atorvastatin for the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis.

Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Setting: University-affiliated psoriasis outpatient clinic in Iran.

Association of serum retinol-binding protein 4 with insulin resistance and metabolic parameters during olanzapine therapy.

Objective: Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance (IR), metabolic indices and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in various patient populations and in obesity. We investigated the association between metabolic parameters, IR and RBP4 during olanzapine therapy.

Design: A prospective study.

Duloxetine in the treatment of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open-label study.

Objective: The main aim of this study was to explore the efficacy and safety of duloxetine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in the treatment of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: Seventeen adolescents aged 11-18 years, diagnosed with ADHD, participated in this 6-week open-label study. Duloxetine was given in doses of 30 mg/day in the first week and 60 mg/day from week 2 to the end of the study.

Effect of Early Intervention with Omega-3 on Insulin Resistance in Patients Initiated on Olanzapine with either Sodium Valproate or Lithium: A randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Objective: Metabolic side effects of the second generation (atypical) antipsychotics have been a forefront of attention since their availability. One common concern is the development of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of early initiation of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on glucose-insulin homeostasis in a group of psychiatric patients under treatment with olanzapine and sodium valproate or lithium combination.

Serum electrolyte changes at engraftment time in patients undergoing allogeneichematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Background: Metabolic abnormalities have been reported in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Potential causes, risk factors and outcomes of electrolyte imbalances have thoroughly been investigated. On HSCT recipients, multiple pathophysiologic contributors are inflicting electrolyte abnormalities, with special attention being paid to engraftment per se as an important contributor.

Transcription errors observed in a teaching hospital.

Medication errors are among the most common medical errors in the hospitals. Transcription error is a specific type of medication errors and is due to data entry error that is commonly made by the human operators. This study was designed to detect transcription errors in a teaching hospital in Tehran.

Cough induced by losartan with resolution after substitution with enalapril.

Introduction: Cough is an adverse event associated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (AA inhibitor drugs. ACE inhibitor-induced cough is believed to be related to the accumulation of bradykinin,substance P,and prostaglandins resulting from the inhibition of ACE.Angiotensin-receptor blockers (AARBs) do not have any effect on ACE and theoretically might not cause cough.