Swimming induces a physiological cardioprotection associated with pro-growth anti-inflammatory influences in extra-cardiac organs.

Physical activity improves myocardial structure, function and resilience via complex, incompletely defined mechanisms. We explored effects of 1-2 wks swim training on cardiac and systemic phenotype in young male C57Bl/6 mice. Two wks forced swimming (90 min twice daily) resulted in cardiac hypertrophy (22% increase in heart:body weight, P<0.

Vaccines in the fight against antimicrobial resistance - perspectives from South Africa.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in which microbes adapt to and resist current therapies, is a well-recognised global problem that threatens to reverse gains made by modern medicine in the last decades. AMR is a complex issue; however, at its core, it is driven by the overuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials. Socioeconomic factors have been identified as significant contributors to the emergence and exacerbation of AMR, especially in populations facing inadequate access to healthcare, poor sanitation services and high morbidity and mortality rates.

Early life stress exacerbates the obesogenic and anxiogenic effects of a Western diet without worsening cardiac ischaemic tolerance in male mice.

Early life stress (ELS) and a Western diet (WD) promote mood and cardiovascular disorders, however, how these risks interact in disease pathogenesis is unclear. We assessed effects of ELS with or without a subsequent WD on behaviour, cardiometabolic risk factors, and cardiac function/ischaemic tolerance in male mice. Fifty-six new-born male C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to a control group (CON) undisturbed before weaning, or to maternal separation (3h/day) and early (postnatal day 17) weaning (MSEW).

Circulating TMAO, the gut microbiome and cardiometabolic disease risk: an exploration in key precursor disorders.

Background: Elevations in the gut metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) have been linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Whether elevated TMAO levels reflect early mechanistic involvement or a sequela of evolving disease awaits elucidation. The purpose of this study was to further explore these potential associations.

Training for shorter ultra-trail races results in a higher injury rate, a more diverse injury profile, and more severe injuries: 2022 Mac ultra races.

Objectives: Determine and compare the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and injury severity among race entrants training towards different ultra-trail race distances.

Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Setting: The six months training period before the 2022 Mac Ultra races (46 km, 80 km, 161 km and 322 km).

Behavioural disruption in diabetic mice: Neurobiological correlates and influences of dietary α-linolenic acid.

Aim: Evolving type 2 diabetes (T2D) may influence locomotion and affective state, promoting metabolic dysfunction. We examined behaviour and neurobiology in a model of T2D, testing for benefits with dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).

Methods: Male C57Bl/6 mice received vehicle or 75 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) and 21 wks of control or Western diets (43 % fat, 40 % carbohydrate, 17 % protein).

Stress-induced body weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors do not translate to improved myocardial ischemic tolerance in western diet-fed mice.

Although both diet-induced obesity and psychological stress are recognized as significant independent contributors to cardiometabolic and behavioral disorders, our understanding of how these two disorders interact and influence cardiometabolic risk and myocardial ischemic tolerance is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the combined effects of an obesogenic diet and psychological stress on cardiometabolic risk factors (body weight, dyslipidemia, insulin sensitivity) and postischemic cardiovascular outcomes. C57Bl/6J mice (n = 48) were subject to a combination of 22 weeks of western diet (WD) feeding and chronic restraint stress (CRS) for the last 4 weeks.

Effects of Polyphenol Supplementations on Improving Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in Patients With Depression.

Increased prevalence of mental disorders has become a significant public health concern. Recent studies have linked nutrition to depression and anxiety, suggesting that dietary changes or nutritional supplementation may be beneficial in improving mental disorders. Polyphenols have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may counteract physiological changes in depression and anxiety.

A YOLO based software for automated detection and analysis of rodent behaviour in the open field arena.

Rodent models are important in mechanistic studies of the physiological and pathophysiological determinants of behaviour. The Open Field Test (OFT) is one of the most commonly utilised tests to assess rodent behaviour in a novel open environment. The key variables assessed in an OFT are general locomotor activity and exploratory behaviours and can be assessed manually or by automated systems.

Statement on analysis and interpretation of clinical human gastrointestinal microbiome testing using next-generation sequencing in South Africa.

Advances in DNA sequencing technologies and computational tools over the past few years have led to vast improvements in the metagenomic analysis of the human microbiota. While this has also significantly improved our understanding of the role of the host-microbiome interaction in health and disease, the current clinical expectation is that testing, particularly of the gastrointestinal biome, can be used to diagnose, manage and treat patients. The authors outline the available technologies and highlight current limitations of these techniques to address this clinical demand.

NMR-Based Metabolomic Analyses to Identify the Effect of Harvesting Frequencies on the Leaf Metabolite Profile of a Cultivar Grown in an Open Hydroponic System.

Lam. is one of the world's most useful medicinal plants. Different parts of the tree contain a rich profile of important minerals, proteins, vitamins, and various important bioactive compounds.

The Milk Metabolome of Non-secretor and Lewis Negative Mothers.

The functional role of milk for the developing neonate is an area of great interest, and a significant amount of research has been done. However, a lot of work remains to fully understand the complexities of milk, and the variations imposed through genetics. It has previously been shown that both secretor (Se) and Lewis blood type (Le) status impacts the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk.

Deep eutectic solvents for solid pesticide dosage forms.

Deep eutectic solvents aid the formulation of solid pesticide dosage forms for water-insoluble actives. This was demonstrated by encapsulating Amitraz powder in a low-melting matrix based on the eutectic mixture of urea (32 wt%) and 1,3-dimethylurea. Dissolution in water of melt-cast discs, containing 20 wt% active, led to the rapid release of Amitraz in a finely dispersed form.

Human Milk From Atopic Mothers Has Lower Levels of Short Chain Fatty Acids.

Short chain fatty acids (SFCAs) are microbial metabolites produced in the gut upon fermentation of dietary fiber. These metabolites interact with the host immune system and can elicit epigenetic effects. There is evidence to suggest that SCFAs may play a role in the developmental programming of immune disorders and obesity, though evidence in humans remains sparse.

Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Counters Cardioprotective Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice: Unconventional PUFA Protection.

Whether dietary omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) confers cardiac benefit in cardiometabolic disorders is unclear. We test whether dietary -linolenic acid (ALA) enhances myocardial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) and responses to ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in type 2 diabetes (T2D); and involvement of conventional PUFA-dependent mechanisms (caveolins/cavins, kinase signaling, mitochondrial function, and inflammation). Eight-week male C57Bl/6 mice received streptozotocin (75 mg/kg) and 21 weeks high-fat/high-carbohydrate feeding.

Accuracy of a Novel Urine Test, Fujifilm SILVAMP Tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan, for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children.

Background: An accurate point-of-care test for tuberculosis (TB) in children remains an elusive goal. Recent evaluation of a novel point-of-care urinary lipoarabinomannan test, Fujifilm SILVAMP Tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan (FujiLAM), in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) showed significantly superior sensitivity than the current Alere Determine Tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan test (AlereLAM). We therefore compared the accuracy of FujiLAM and AlereLAM in children with suspected TB.

Synergistic effects of low-level stress and a Western diet on metabolic homeostasis, mood, and myocardial ischemic tolerance.

How low-level psychological stress and overnutrition interact in influencing cardiometabolic disease is unclear. Mechanistic overlaps suggest potential synergies; however, findings are contradictory. We test whether low-level stress and Western diet (WD) feeding synergistically influence homeostasis, mood, and myocardial ischemic tolerance.

Trimethylamine -oxide: heart of the microbiota-CVD nexus?

We critically review potential involvement of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as a link between diet, the gut microbiota and CVD. Generated primarily from dietary choline and carnitine by gut bacteria and hepatic flavin-containing mono-oxygenase (FMO) activity, TMAO could promote cardiometabolic disease when chronically elevated. However, control of circulating TMAO is poorly understood, and diet, age, body mass, sex hormones, renal clearance, FMO3 expression and genetic background may explain as little as 25 % of TMAO variance.

The Influence of DNA Extraction and Lipid Removal on Human Milk Bacterial Profiles.

Culture-independent molecular techniques have advanced the characterization of environmental and human samples including the human milk (HM) bacteriome. However, extraction of high-quality genomic DNA that is representative of the bacterial population in samples is crucial. Lipids removal from HM prior to DNA extraction is common practice, but this may influence the bacterial population detected.

Optimizing 16S rRNA gene profile analysis from low biomass nasopharyngeal and induced sputum specimens.

Background: Careful consideration of experimental artefacts is required in order to successfully apply high-throughput 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing technology. Here we introduce experimental design, quality control and "denoising" approaches for sequencing low biomass specimens.

Results: We found that bacterial biomass is a key driver of 16S rRNA gene sequencing profiles generated from bacterial mock communities and that the use of different deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction methods [DSP Virus/Pathogen Mini Kit® (Kit-QS) and ZymoBIOMICS DNA Miniprep Kit (Kit-ZB)] and storage buffers [PrimeStore® Molecular Transport medium (Primestore) and Skim-milk, Tryptone, Glucose and Glycerol (STGG)] further influence these profiles.