'The Garlic Gambit': an alternative strategy for controlling vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.; Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Plant protection products derived from plant material are proposed to be a sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic chemical pesticides. This study determines the efficacy of a commercially available bioinsecticide based on garlic (Allium sativum L.; Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae) extract against vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.

Decoding attraction: Improving vine weevil monitoring by exploiting key sensory cues.

Background: Monitoring is an integral component of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes used to inform crop management decisions. Vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), continues to cause economically significant losses in horticultural crops due to an inability to reliably detect the presence of this species before crop damage occurs.

Potential roles of selected forage grasses in management of fall armyworm () through companion cropping.

Production of maize, L. (Poaceae), in sub-Saharan Africa is threatened by a new invasive pest, fall armyworm (FAW), (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). To mitigate this threat, push-pull companion cropping, a system originally developed for management of lepidopteran stemborers, may be used to control FAW.

Wild potato ancestors as potential sources of resistance to the aphid Myzus persicae.

Background: Plant resistance to insects can be reduced by crop domestication which means their wild ancestors could provide novel sources of resistance. Thus, crossing wild ancestors with domesticated crops can potentially enhance their resistance against insects. However, a prerequisite for this is identification of sources of resistance.

Optimising Vine Weevil, F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Monitoring Tool Design.

Vine weevil, F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an economically important insect pest of horticultural crops. To identify an effective and reliable monitoring system for adult vine weevil, this study investigated the influence of colour, height and entrance position on the efficacy of a model monitoring tool using modified paper cups as refuges.

Effects of -Jasmone Treatment of Brassicas on Interactions With Aphids and Their Parasitoid .

There is a need to develop new ways of protecting plants against aphid attack. Here, we investigated the effect of a plant defence activator, -jasmone (CJ), in a range of cultivars of and . Plants were sprayed with -jasmone or blank formulation and then tested with peach potato aphids ( Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their parasitoid (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Evolutionary ecology: Plant volatile profile changes after escaping specialist insects.

Considerable debate surrounds the role of plant volatiles in plant defence against insects. A new study provides evidence for evolutionary changes in an invasive plant that support the defensive role of plant volatiles.

The Key Pinch Stress Radiograph to Evaluate Dorsal Subluxation in the Basilar Thumb Joint.

The basilar thumb joint is the joint second most commonly affected by osteoarthritis (OA) in the hand. Evaluation of dorsal subluxation of the thumb during a functional task such as key pinch could help assess OA risk. The objectives of this study were to determine the best imaging angle for measuring thumb dorsal subluxation during key pinch and to compare subluxation to corresponding OA grades on the Eaton-Glickel, Outerbridge, and International Cartilage Repair Society scales.

Evaluation of African Maize Cultivars for Resistance to Fall Armyworm (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae.

The fall armyworm (FAW) has recently invaded and become an important pest of maize in Africa causing yield losses reaching up to a third of maize annual production. The present study evaluated different aspects of resistance of six maize cultivars, cropped by farmers in Kenya, to FAW larvae feeding under laboratory and field conditions. We assessed the arrestment and feeding of FAW neonate larvae in no-choice and choice experiments, development of larvae-pupae, food assimilation under laboratory conditions and plant damage in a field experiment.

Zucchini Plants Alter Gene Expression and Emission of ()-β-Caryophyllene Following Infestation.

Zucchini ( L.) is widely cultivated in temperate regions. One of the major production challenges is the damage caused by (Homoptera: Aphididae), a polyphagous aphid, which can negatively affect its host plant, both directly by feeding and indirectly by vectoring viruses.

Three Aphid-Transmitted Viruses Encourage Vector Migration From Infected Common Bean () Plants Through a Combination of Volatile and Surface Cues.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are important pathogens of common bean (), a crop vital for food security in sub-Saharan Africa. These viruses are vectored by aphids non-persistently, with virions bound loosely to stylet receptors. These viruses also manipulate aphid-mediated transmission by altering host properties.

Genome wide association analysis of a stemborer egg induced "call-for-help" defence trait in maize.

Tritrophic interactions allow plants to recruit natural enemies for protection against herbivory. Here we investigated genetic variability in induced responses to stemborer egg-laying in maize Zea mays (L.) (Poaceae).

Behavioural and Electrophysiological Responses of Female Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes to Volatiles from a Mango Bait.

Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) are used in a "lure-and-kill" approach for management of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, but the active chemicals were previously unknown. Here we collected volatiles from a mango, Mangifera indica, juice bait which is used in ATSBs in Tanzania and tested mosquito responses. In a Y-tube olfactometer, female mosquitoes were attracted to the mango volatiles collected 24-48 h, 48-72 h and 72-96 h after preparing the bait but volatiles collected at 96-120 h were no longer attractive.

Different Plant Viruses Induce Changes in Feeding Behavior of Specialist and Generalist Aphids on Common Bean That Are Likely to Enhance Virus Transmission.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) cause serious epidemics in common bean (), a vital food security crop in many low-to-medium income countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Aphids transmit these viruses "non-persistently," i.e.

The Effect of the Joint Capsule and Anterior Oblique Ligament on Dorsal Subluxation of the First Metacarpal During Key Pinch.

Laxity of the anterior oblique ligament (AOL) and/or the dorsoradial ligament (DRL) are believed to contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis in the trapeziometacarpal joint through increased dorsal subluxation. Stress radiographs during functional tasks, such as key pinch, can be used to evaluate such joint instability. Cadaveric experiments can explore joint contact pressures as well as subluxation under varying conditions, to gain knowledge about joint mechanics.

Initial Response of Mature, Experienced Runners to Barefoot Running: Transition to Forefoot Strike.

Introduction: Forefoot strike has been advocated for many runners because of the relatively lower impact and push-off forces compared to a heel strike. The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of mature (> 30 years old), experienced runners to transition from a heel foot strike to a forefoot strike when first introduced to barefoot running on a treadmill. We hypothesized: 1) mature runners who heel strike while wearing traditional training shoes would persist in heel striking immediately following a switch to barefoot, 2) mean shoe heel-to-toe drop would be significantly greater in runners who persist in heel striking when running barefoot compared to those who transition to a forefoot strike pattern, and 3) there would be a significant decrease in heel striking in the barefoot condition as running speeds increased.

Molasses Grass Induces Direct and Indirect Defense Responses in Neighbouring Maize Plants.

Plants have evolved intricate defence strategies against herbivore attack which can include activation of defence in response to stress-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by neighbouring plants. VOCs released by intact molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora), have been shown to repel stemborer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), from maize and enhance parasitism by Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron). In this study, we tested whether the molasses grass VOCs have a role in plant-plant communication by exposing different maize cultivars to molasses grass for a 3-week induction period and then observing insect responses to the exposed plants.

Reoperation Rates and Costs of Radial Head Arthroplasty Versus Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Radial Head and Neck Fractures: A Retrospective Database Study.

We conducted a retrospective study to compare reoperation/conversion rates and costs between open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and radial head arthroplasty (RHA) in patients with radial head/neck fractures. We examined the Humana Orthopedic data sets using the PearlDiver Application from January 2007 to June 2016 to identify patients with radial head and neck fractures with and without a concurrent elbow dislocation. Time to revision surgery, odds ratios, and survival curves for reoperations/conversions were calculated comparing ORIF and RHA.

Infestation by Increases Susceptibility of cv. "Canard" to AG 2-1.

Activation of plant defense pathways can be influenced by the presence of different species of attacking organisms. Understanding the complicated interactions triggering plant defense mechanisms is of great interest as it may allow the development of more effective and sustainable disease control methods. and anastomosis group (AG) 2-1 are two important organisms attacking oilseed rape (OSR), causing disease and reduced yields.

Finding the right connection: what makes a successful decision support system?

Farmers require evidence-based guidance to make optimal decisions, enabling them to reduce costs by increasing the efficiency of input use. We discuss how decision support systems could be improved and made more useful for the farmer.

Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus Induces Changes in Host Plant Volatiles that Attract Vector Thrips Species.

Maize lethal necrosis is one of the most devastating diseases of maize causing yield losses reaching up to 90% in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by a combination of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any one of cereal viruses in the Potyviridae group such as sugarcane mosaic virus. MCMV has been reported to be transmitted mainly by maize thrips (Frankliniella williamsi) and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci).