NAC transcription factors ATAF1 and ANAC055 affect the heat stress response in Arabidopsis.

Pre-exposing (priming) plants to mild, non-lethal elevated temperature improves their tolerance to a later higher-temperature stress (triggering stimulus), which is of great ecological importance. 'Thermomemory' is maintaining this tolerance for an extended period of time. NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 (NAC) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that modulate responses to abiotic stresses, including heat stress (HS).

Control of cambium initiation and activity in Arabidopsis by the transcriptional regulator AHL15.

Plant secondary growth, which is the basis of wood formation, includes the production of secondary xylem, which is derived from meristematic cambium cells embedded in vascular tissue. Here, we identified an important role for the Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15) transcriptional regulator in controlling vascular cambium activity. The limited secondary xylem development in inflorescence stems of herbaceous Arabidopsis plants was significantly reduced in ahl15 loss-of-function mutants, whereas constitutive or vascular meristem-specific AHL15 overexpression produced woody inflorescence stems.

The Effect of Formulation, Process, and Method Variables on the Reconstitution Time in Dual Chamber Syringes.

Unlabelled: Reconstitution time of dried products is influenced by various factors including formulation, process, and reconstitution method itself. This manuscript describes factors affecting reconstitution in a dual chamber syringe using highly concentrated human monoclonal antibody and bovine serum albumin model formulations. Freezing and drying conditions had only minor impact on the reconstitution time, whereas the primary container and thus the geometry of the lyophilization cake played a major role.

A Method To Determine the Kinetics of Solute Mixing in Liquid/Liquid Formulation Dual-Chamber Syringes.

Unlabelled: Dual-chamber syringes were originally designed to separate a solid substance and its diluent. However, they can also be used to separate liquid formulations of two individual drug products, which cannot be co-formulated due to technical or regulatory issues. A liquid/liquid dual-chamber syringe can be designed to achieve homogenization and mixing of both solutions prior to administration, or it can be used to sequentially inject both solutions.

Technology, Applications, and Process Challenges of Dual Chamber Systems.

Dual-chamber systems provide an option as a drug and device combination product, when home care and emergency lyophilized products are intended. Nevertheless, until today, there are only a few products on the market, due to the challenges and limitations in manufacturability, product formulation, and product stability in a dual-chamber configuration, as well as economic considerations. This review serves to describe currently available dual-chamber systems and to discuss factors to be considered for appropriate selection and establishing fill-finish processes.

An Impedance-Based Method to Determine Reconstitution Time for Freeze-Dried Pharmaceuticals.

The reconstitution of freeze-dried products is usually determined by visual inspection with the naked eye. This can inevitably lead to significant variability in the ability to detect complete reconstitution of the dried solid. It was thus the goal of our study to assess an automated method to monitor reconstitution of a freeze-dried protein drug product in its primary packaging.

Effect of solution properties on the counting and sizing of subvisible particle standards as measured by light obscuration and digital imaging methods.

Purpose: Protein formulations may contain subvisible particle (SbVP) impurities that can vary (e.g., in number, size, shape, density, refractive index and transparency) depending on the formulation composition, environmental stresses and the type of protein.