Synthesis of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Their Complexes by Chloronium Ion Abstraction from 2-Chloroazolium Salts Using Electron-Rich Phosphines.

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are commonly prepared by deprotonation of azolium salts using strong anionic bases. This reaction is often unselective, yielding alkali metal NHC complexes or dimerized NHCs. Alternatively, free NHCs are obtained by the dechlorination of 2-chloroazolium salts using electron-rich phosphines.

Bias and comparison framework for abusive language datasets.

Recently, numerous datasets have been produced as research activities in the field of automatic detection of abusive language or hate speech have increased. A problem with this diversity is that they often differ, among other things, in context, platform, sampling process, collection strategy, and labeling schema. There have been surveys on these datasets, but they compare the datasets only superficially.

A Size-Flexible Organometallic Box for the Encapsulation of Fullerenes.

A palladium-cornered molecular square with four pyrene-bis(imidazolylidene) bridging ligands is reported. This metallo-polygon can encapsulate C and C . The X-ray diffraction structures of the empty cage as well as the cages complexed with both fullerenes are described.

T-DNA alleles of the receptor kinase THESEUS1 with opposing effects on cell wall integrity signaling.

Perturbation of cellulose synthesis in plants triggers stress responses, including growth retardation, mediated by the cell wall integrity-sensing receptor-like kinase (RLK) THESEUS1 (THE1). The analysis of two alleles carrying T-DNA insertions at comparable positions has led to conflicting conclusions concerning the impact of THE1 signaling on growth. Here we confirm that, unlike the1-3 and other the1 alleles in which cellular responses to genetic or pharmacological inhibition of cellulose synthesis are attenuated, the1-4 showed enhanced responses, including growth inhibition, ectopic lignification, and stress gene expression.