Response inhibition and serotonin in autism: a functional MRI study using acute tryptophan depletion.

It has been suggested that the restricted, stereotyped and repetitive behaviours typically found in autism are underpinned by deficits of inhibitory control. The biological basis of this is unknown but may include differences in the modulatory role of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, which are implicated in the condition. However, this has never been tested directly.

Serotonin and the neural processing of facial emotions in adults with autism: an fMRI study using acute tryptophan depletion.

Context: People with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have lifelong deficits in social behavior and differences in behavioral as well as neural responses to facial expressions of emotion. The biological basis to this is incompletely understood, but it may include differences in the role of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, which modulate facial emotion processing in health. While some individuals with ASD have significant differences in the serotonin system, to our knowledge, no one has investigated its role during facial emotion processing in adults with ASD and control subjects using acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Anatomy and aging of the amygdala and hippocampus in autism spectrum disorder: an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study of Asperger syndrome.

It has been proposed that people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have abnormal morphometry and development of the amygdala and hippocampus (AH). However, previous reports are inconsistent, perhaps because they included people of different ASD diagnoses, ages, and health. We compared, using magnetic resonance imaging, the in vivo anatomy of the AH in 32 healthy individuals with Asperger syndrome (12-47 years) and 32 healthy controls who did not differ significantly in age or IQ.

In vivo brain anatomy of adult males with Fragile X syndrome: an MRI study.

Fragile X Syndrome (FraX) is caused by the expansion of a single trinucleotide gene sequence (CGG) on the X chromosome, and is a leading cause of learning disability (mental retardation) worldwide. Relatively few studies, however, have examined the neuroanatomical abnormalities associated with FraX. Of those that are available many included mixed gender populations, combined FraX children and adults into one sample, and employed manual tracing techniques which measures bulk volume of particular regions.

Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on neural processing of facial expressions of emotion in humans.

Introduction: Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) temporarily lowers brain serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, and behavioral studies have shown that this alters the processing of facial expressions of emotion.

Materials And Methods: The neural basis for these alterations is not known. Therefore, we employed ATD and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine neural responses during incidental processing of fearful, happy, sad, and disgusted facial expressions.

A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have abnormalities in cognitive and motor inhibition, and it has been proposed that these are related to dysfunction of fronto-striatal circuits. However, nobody has investigated neuro-functional abnormalities during a range of inhibition tasks in adults with OCD. The aims of the study were to compare brain activation of people with OCD and controls during three tasks of inhibitory control.

Clinical and anatomical heterogeneity in autistic spectrum disorder: a structural MRI study.

Background: Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by stereotyped/obsessional behaviours and social and communicative deficits. However, there is significant variability in the clinical phenotype; for example, people with autism exhibit language delay whereas those with Asperger syndrome do not. It remains unclear whether localized differences in brain anatomy are associated with variation in the clinical phenotype.

Psychosis and autism: magnetic resonance imaging study of brain anatomy.

Background: Autism-spectrum disorder is increasingly recognised, with recent studies estimating that 1% of children in South London are affected. However, the biology of comorbid mental health problems in people with autism-spectrum disorder is poorly understood.

Aims: To investigate the brain anatomy of people with autism-spectrum disorder with and without psychosis.

Brain structural differences associated with the behavioural phenotype in children with Williams syndrome.

Background: We investigated structural brain morphology of intellectually disabled children with Williams (WS) syndrome and its relationship to the behavioural phenotype.

Methods: We compared the neuroanatomy of 15 children (mean age:13+/-2) with WS and 15 age/gender-matched healthy children using a manual region-of-interest analysis to measure bulk (white+grey) tissue volumes and unbiased fully-automated voxel-based morphometry to assess differences in grey/white matter throughout the brain. Ratings of abnormal behaviours were correlated with brain structure.

A comparative study of cognition and brain anatomy between two neurodevelopmental disorders: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and Williams syndrome.

Background: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with intellectual disability, poor social interaction and a high prevalence of psychosis. However, to date there have been no studies comparing cognition and neuroanatomical characteristics of 22q11DS with other syndromes to investigate if the cognitive strengths and difficulties and neuroanatomical differences associated with 22q11DS are specific to the syndrome.

Brain morphometry volume in autistic spectrum disorder: a magnetic resonance imaging study of adults.

Background: Several prior reports have found that some young children with autism spectrum disorder [ASD; including autism and Asperger's syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)] have a significant increase in head size and brain weight. However, the findings from older children and adults with ASD are inconsistent. This may reflect the relatively small sample sizes that were studied, clinical heterogeneity, or age-related brain differences.

Women with autistic-spectrum disorder: magnetic resonance imaging study of brain anatomy.

Background: Our understanding of anatomical differences in people with autistic-spectrum disorder, is based on mixed-gender or male samples.

Aims: To study regional grey-matter and white-matter differences in the brains of women with autistic-spectrum disorder.

Method: We compared the brain anatomy of 14 adult women with autistic-spectrum disorder with 19 controls using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry.

An event related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of facial emotion processing in Asperger syndrome.

Background: People with Asperger syndrome (AS) have life-long deficits in social behavior. The biological basis of this is unknown, but most likely includes impaired processing of facial emotion. Human social communication involves processing different facial emotions, and at different intensities.

In vivo 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of amygdala-hippocampal and parietal regions in autism.

Objective: The neural basis for autistic spectrum disorders is unclear, but abnormalities in the development of limbic areas and of glutamate have been suggested. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) can be used to measure the concentration of brain metabolites. However, the concentration of glutamate/glutamine in brain regions implicated in autistic spectrum disorders has not yet been examined in vivo.

Cortical serotonin 5-HT2A receptor binding and social communication in adults with Asperger's syndrome: an in vivo SPECT study.

Objective: The cause of autistic spectrum disorder (i.e., autism and Asperger's syndrome) is unknown.

Brain and behaviour in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a volumetric and voxel-based morphometry MRI study.

In people with velo-cardio-facial syndrome [or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS)], a single interstitial deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 causes a wide spectrum of cognitive deficits ranging from global learning difficulties to specific cognitive deficits.

Autistic-spectrum disorders: lessons from neuroimaging.

Autistic-spectrum disorder is approximately half as common as schizophrenia but its cause remains unknown. Recent studies have begun to clarify the underlying neuroanatomical abnormalities and brain-behaviour relationships in autism. In the past decade, great advances have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological basis of autism.

Sun awareness in school teachers.

School children are important targets for sun awareness education, but the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of school teachers with respect to sun awareness are poorly understood. A questionnaire-based survey of 76 school teachers was undertaken. Twenty-four per cent of teachers indicated previous experience in teaching sun awareness, but 93% of teachers had no classroom resources for teaching sun awareness.

Socioeconomic deprivation and health in Glasgow and the west of Scotland--a study of cancer incidence among male residents of hostels for the single homeless.

Study Objective: To determine the incidence of cancer among homeless men in Glasgow.

Design: Descriptive study of cancer incidence in a defined, though individually unidentifiable, population cohort.

Setting: Glasgow and the West of Scotland Region.

Computer control of a Braun Infusomat pump.

Machine code programs have been produced to allow a simple method of communication between a computer and the Braun Infusomat pump. Commands are set up as character strings using a high-level language and passed to a machine code program which transmits them to the pump. Messages from the pump are received under interrupt control for display by the high-level language.

Microcomputer-based haemodynamic monitoring during continuous extradural analgesia.

A system for monitoring, recording and storing arterial pressure and heart rate during continuous extradural analgesia has been developed using an Apple II microcomputer and a Dinamap 1846 non-invasive arterial pressure monitor. The administration of local anaesthetic (or vasopressor) was recorded using a light pen. The computer was programmed to recognize this, and to initiate automatically more frequent measurements of heart rate and arterial pressure.

Computer control of an Imed 929 infusion pump.

There is a growing interest in the potential benefits to be obtained from closed-loop control of drug infusion [1-5]. The most widely available infusion pump which is specifically designed for control by computer is the 929 volumetric infusion pump produced by Imed. The increasing availability of microcomputers suggests that they will be used more frequently to control such pumps.