[Dynamics of cognitive functions using the rehabilitation program of cognitive training].

Objective: To study the efficiency of the neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients with mild cognitive impairments.

Material And Methods: The study included 103 elderly people, aged 59 to 88 years, including 90 women and 13 men with subjective complaints of memory loss (ICD-10: F06.70; F06.

Fake News through the Eyes of Three Generations of Russians: Differences and Similarities in Social Representations.

Background: The problem of fake news becomes especially prominent during periods of social exacerbation, such as the coronavirus pandemic, wherein the events have a significant impact on many lives. Generational differences are considered as a factor affecting perceptions of the reliability of news.

Objective: The aim of this study was to reveal and compare the social representations of information reliability and news verification criteria among people belonging to the Generation of Reforms (born 1968-1981), the Millennial Generation (1982-2000) and Generation Z (2001 and later) in Russia.

Preference for Masculine or Feminine Gender Roles and Its Relationship to Well-Being in Transgender Persons: Comparing Pre-Treatment, Hormonal Therapy, and Post-Surgery Groups.

This article aims at identifying different preferences for gender roles in transgender persons and the associations of those preferences with well-being at the different stages of medical transition. A total of 148 Russian transgender subjects (64 in pre-treatment, 41 in hormonal therapy, and 43 in hormonal therapy after some surgery) and 120 Russian cisgender persons filled out the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. The transgender participants were less satisfied with their lives than the cisgender individuals, and less frequently preferred masculine gender roles, which were related to higher well-being in both groups.

High intention to fall asleep causes sleep fragmentation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intention to fall asleep on sleep quality in good sleepers using polysomnographic and subjective nap parameters. We hypothesized that high intention to sleep would lead to arousal, worsening sleep quality. A counterbalanced 2 × 2 experimental design with one intra-individual (neutral versus motivating instruction) and one inter-individual (instruction sequence) variable was used.

[Peculiarities of emotional-cognitive assessment of sensations by patients with neurological diseases].

To study peculiarities of emotional-cognitive assessment of color sensations and sensation descriptors in patients with autonomic dystonia and cerebrovascular diseases, 70 healthy subjects and 113 patients including 27 with autonomic dystonia, 48 - with discirculatory encephalopathy and 38 - with ischemic stroke have been studied in the rehabilitation period. Clinical-neurological examination, assessment of headache intensity on the Visual-Analogous scale, anxiety and depression levels on the Hospital anxiety and depression scale, the level of mental maladaptation on an author's scale as well as a study of emotional-cognitive assessment of color sensations and sensation descriptors have been carried out. Assessments of color sensations were studied using 20 color standards, indices of positive and negative assessment of all groups of colors and colors of certain categories were determined.

[A historical analysis of "insight" category in psychiatry].

This work presents a historical analysis of the formation and development of "insight" category (awareness of illness) in the process of interdisciplinary collaboration between psychiatry, psychology and social sciences. Different meanings of the term "insight" and their impact on the modern perception of the awareness of illness phenomenon are analyzed. The differences in particular aspects of the clinical reality described by insight and other concepts used in the studies of awareness of illness are highlighted.

[Attitude of district internists to the problem of secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease (results of a special questionnaire survey)].

Attitude of district internists to the realization of a concept of secondary prevention (SP) of ischemic heart disease was studied in one of large cities in Russia. Among preparations most necessary for SP the following were named: b-blockers (79.5%), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (49.

[Evaluation of stress tolerance in the neurological patients].

A purpose of the study was to develop the Stress Tolerance Scale (STS) and to assess its diagnostic efficacy in neurological clinical practice. The theoretical ground for stress tolerance measurement is the concept of personal environmental interaction as a process including phases of the subjective stress event appraisal, active reaction and subjective result appraisal. The STS encompasses the response items of the descriptions of the accomplished and unaccomplished person-environment and self-personal relations that result in stress overcoming or in stress maintenance, respectively.

[Psychological mechanisms of refusal reactions in schizophrenic patients].

The psychological study is based on the clinical typology of refusal reactions (RR) in schizophrenic patients--"capitulation", "avoidance", "absenteism". Seventy patients with RR, mean age 27 years, 25 women, 45 men, were examined with the use of a number of psychological methods. The findings prove the hypothesis on the disturbances of motivation as a psychological mechanism of RR in schizophrenic patients.

[Clinical aspects of somatic disease and internal course of the disease (heart ischemia and bronchial asthma model)].

Criteria of subjective severity (SS) and subjective control of the condition (SC) associated with establishment of the disease internal picture (DIP) were determined in 67 patients with verified coronary heart disease (CHD) and 68 with verified bronchial asthma (BA). Essential for SS were: severity of the subjective symptoms, features of the somatic condition debut, the speed of the disease progression. Essential for SC were the following components: effectiveness of self-care, severity of noticeable or ugly symptoms, features of the triggers (attack provokers).

[The clinical and psychological aspects of the reaction to disease (the problem of nosogenias)].

"Nosogenias" is the term describing some reactive states. They account for 15-90% of all the patients of somatic hospital. They are due to constellation of some psychotraumatic events related to somatic disease.

[The psychopathological structure of depressions].

The theoretical model of depression has been developed on the basis of 275 psychopathological observations of the affective disorders. The primary symptom complexes of hypothymia and alienation are considered to be the obligatory components of the syndrome structure. Depressions are ranged into the system with variants according to comorbid correlations between hypothymia and alienation.

[The psychopharmacotherapy of anxious-depressive states (the interrelationship of the structure of the comorbidity to the choice of drug therapy)].

The authors examined 65 inpatients aged 20-61 admitted to the clinic with obsessional-phobic and depressive conditions (comorbidity). According to DSM-III-R, the patients suffered from panic and major depressive disorders, dysthymia, atypical depression within schizoaffective disturbance. By the response of the patients to alprazolam (anxiolytic) and fluoketin (antidepressant) given by a special scheme, 3 types of comorbidity of obsessional-phobic and affective disturbances were recognized: 1) prevalent depression, 2) combination of dysthymia with marked obsessional-phobic disorders, 3) overcoming of obsessional-phobic and affective disorders.

[The psychological rehabilitation of patients following reconstructive operations in congenital deformities of the jaw bones].

Various methods of psychotherapeutic correction, used in patients with congenital deformations of the jaw bones, are described. Individual and group psychotherapy before, immediately and in late periods after surgery was used. Good results were achieved, confirmed by objective psychologic tests.

[The psychological aspects of the rehabilitative treatment of patients operated on stomach cancer].

Psychic status was evaluated in 250 radically operated patients with gastric cancer at different stages of treatment (inpatient hospital-health resort-outpatient hospital) and adequate therapy was administered. Timely correction of depression proved a component of complex treatment of postresection disorders in gastric cancer patients.

[Social contacts and attitude toward cancer patients].

The study was concerned with social attitudes to cancer, cancer patients and readiness to make contact with former in-patients of cancer clinics. A specially-developed questionnaire was used to interview 300 persons. It was shown that certain attitudes to problems of cancer prevention and treatment as well as preparedness to make social contact are determined by relevant concepts and available knowledge on malignant diseases.

[Disease awareness among oncology patients].

The characteristics of the disease awareness in cancer patients were analyzed. On the basis of the clinico-psychological examination over time of 250 cancer patients, the mechanisms of disorders of the disease awareness have been specified. These include a shift of the subjective zero of assessment, a change in the health ideal standard, fragmentation and retrospective overestimation of one's health, formation of a specific semantico-perceptive protection leading to an increase in the level of idefiniteness of negatively evaluated stimuli.

[Personal reactions of men and women to oncologic disease].

The authors carried out clinical and psychological examinations of 50 men and 50 women suffering from malignant tumours of the lower extremities before and after the operation (amputation of the affected extremity). The patients remained under observation for a year and a half. In all the patients reactive states were diagnosed the clinical picture and the time course of which has substantial differences in the male and the female groups.