Preparation for Denitrification and Phenotypic Diversification at the Cusp of Anoxia: a Purpose for NO Reductase Multiple Roles of O.

Adaptation to anoxia by synthesizing a denitrification proteome costs metabolic energy, and the anaerobic respiration conserves less energy per electron than aerobic respiration. This implies a selective advantage of the stringent O repression of denitrification gene transcription, which is found in most denitrifying bacteria. In some bacteria, the metabolic burden of adaptation can be minimized further by phenotypic diversification, colloquially termed "bet-hedging," where all cells synthesize the NO reductase (NosZ) but only a minority synthesize nitrite reductase (NirS), as demonstrated for the model strain Paracoccus denitrificans.

Immunogenic Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum Producing Surface-Displayed Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens.

Unlabelled: Tuberculosis (TB) remains among the most deadly diseases in the world. The only available vaccine against tuberculosis is the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which does not ensure full protection in adults. There is a global urgency for the development of an effective vaccine for preventing disease transmission, and it requires novel approaches.