Syndrome Is Characterized by Inhibition-Dominated Dynamics of Resting-State EEG.

syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by heterozygous variants in the gene and is characterized by psychomotor delay, early-onset developmental delay, and epileptic encephalopathy. Pathogenic variants are thought to alter excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance at the synaptic level, which could impact neuronal network dynamics; however, this has not been investigated yet. Here, we present the first EEG study of patients with syndrome to quantify the impact of the synaptic E/I dysregulation on ongoing brain activity.

The Role of Categorical Speech Perception and Phonological Processing in Familial Risk Children With and Without Dyslexia.

Purpose: This study assessed whether a categorical speech perception (CP) deficit is associated with dyslexia or familial risk for dyslexia, by exploring a possible cascading relation from speech perception to phonology to reading and by identifying whether speech perception distinguishes familial risk (FR) children with dyslexia (FRD) from those without dyslexia (FRND).

Method: Data were collected from 9-year-old FRD (n = 37) and FRND (n = 41) children and age-matched controls (n = 49) on CP identification and discrimination and on the phonological processing measures rapid automatized naming, phoneme awareness, and nonword repetition.

Results: The FRD group performed more poorly on CP than the FRND and control groups.

Distributional vowel training is less effective for adults than for infants. A study using the mismatch response.

Distributional learning of speech sounds (i.e., learning from simple exposure to frequency distributions of speech sounds in the environment) has been observed in the lab repeatedly in both infants and adults.

Preliteracy signatures of poor-reading abilities in resting-state EEG.

The hereditary character of dyslexia suggests the presence of putative underlying neural anomalies already in preliterate age. Here, we investigated whether early neurophysiological correlates of future reading difficulties-a hallmark of dyslexia-could be identified in the resting-state EEG of preliterate children. The children in this study were recruited at birth and classified on the basis of parents' performance on reading tests to be at-risk of becoming poor readers (n = 48) or not (n = 14).

Basic auditory processing is related to familial risk, not to reading fluency: an ERP study.

Less proficient basic auditory processing has been previously connected to dyslexia. However, it is unclear whether a low proficiency level is a correlate of having a familial risk for reading problems, or whether it causes dyslexia. In this study, children's processing of amplitude rise time (ART), intensity and frequency differences was measured with event-related potentials (ERPs).

Beat processing is pre-attentive for metrically simple rhythms with clear accents: an ERP study.

The perception of a regular beat is fundamental to music processing. Here we examine whether the detection of a regular beat is pre-attentive for metrically simple, acoustically varying stimuli using the mismatch negativity (MMN), an ERP response elicited by violations of acoustic regularity irrespective of whether subjects are attending to the stimuli. Both musicians and non-musicians were presented with a varying rhythm with a clear accent structure in which occasionally a sound was omitted.

Fast phonetic learning occurs already in 2-to-3-month old infants: an ERP study.

An important mechanism for learning speech sounds in the first year of life is "distributional learning," i.e., learning by simply listening to the frequency distributions of the speech sounds in the environment.

Infant ERPs separate children at risk of dyslexia who become good readers from those who become poor readers.

Dyslexia is heritable and associated with phonological processing deficits that can be reflected in the event-related potentials (ERPs). Here, we recorded ERPs from 2-month-old infants at risk of dyslexia and from a control group to investigate whether their auditory system processes /bAk/ and /dAk/ changes differently. The speech sounds were presented in an oddball paradigm.

Temporal auditory processing at 17 months of age is associated with preliterate language comprehension and later word reading fluency: an ERP study.

Dyslexia is heritable and associated with auditory processing deficits. We investigate whether temporal auditory processing is compromised in young children at-risk for dyslexia and whether it is associated with later language and reading skills. We recorded EEG from 17 months-old children with or without familial risk for dyslexia to investigate whether their auditory system was able to detect a temporal change in a tone pattern.

Change detection in newborns using a multiple deviant paradigm: a study using magnetoencephalography.

Objective: Mismatch responses are elicited to changes in sound streams in healthy newborns. In the ideal case, these responses can predict cognitive problems later in life. We employed a multiple deviant paradigm for a fast assessment of the ability of the newborn brain to respond to various types of acoustic changes.

Implicit, intuitive, and explicit knowledge of abstract regularities in a sound sequence: an event-related brain potential study.

Implicit knowledge has been proposed to be the substrate of intuition because intuitive judgments resemble implicit processes. We investigated whether the automatically elicited mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) can reflect implicit knowledge and whether this knowledge can be utilized for intuitive sound discrimination. We also determined the sensitivity of the attention-and task-dependent P3 component to intuitive versus explicit knowledge.

Object representation in the human auditory system.

One important principle of object processing is exclusive allocation. Any part of the sensory input, including the border between two objects, can only belong to one object at a time. We tested whether tones forming a spectro-temporal border between two sound patterns can belong to both patterns at the same time.

Auditory organization of sound sequences by a temporal or numerical regularity--a mismatch negativity study comparing musicians and non-musicians.

The human auditory system can encode regularities in the acoustic environment without the requirement of attention. We investigated whether the auditory system of musicians is more sensitive than that of non-musicians in encoding complex regularities. We presented tone sequences containing either a temporal or a numerical regularity.

To musicians, the message is in the meter pre-attentive neuronal responses to incongruent rhythm are left-lateralized in musicians.

Musicians exchange non-verbal cues as messages when they play together. This is particularly true in music with a sketchy outline. Jazz musicians receive and interpret the cues when performance parts from a regular pattern of rhythm, suggesting that they enjoy a highly developed sensitivity to subtle deviations of rhythm.

Linguistic processing in visual and modality-nonspecific brain areas: PET recordings during selective attention.

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to investigate the neural basis of selective processing of linguistic material during concurrent presentation of multiple stimulus streams ("cocktail-party effect"). Fifteen healthy right-handed adult males were to attend to one of three simultaneously presented messages: one presented visually, one to the left ear, and one to the right ear. During the control condition, subjects attended to visually presented consonant letter strings and ignored auditory messages.

Grouping of sequential sounds--an event-related potential study comparing musicians and nonmusicians.

It is believed that auditory processes governing grouping and segmentation of sounds are automatic and represent universal aspects of music perception (e.g., they are independent of the listener's musical skill).