Preparation for oxidative stress in Chinese toads (Bufo gargarizans) living under natural conditions along an altitudinal gradient.

Preparation for oxidative stress (POS) has been widely reported in animals under controlled laboratory conditions, but whether this phenomenon is visible in animals under natural conditions remains to be explored. Altitudinal gradients provide a good opportunity to address this question, since environmental conditions become more hostile with increasing altitude. Here, we investigated the levels of oxidative stress, oxidative damage, and antioxidant defenses in Chinese toads (Bufo gargarizans) along an altitudinal gradient (50 m, 1200 m, 2300 m, 3400 m above sea level).

Effects of hibernation on two important contractile tissues in tibetan frogs, Nanorana parkeri: a perspective from transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches.

Background: In response to seasonal cold and food shortage, the Xizang plateau frogs, Nanorana parkeri (Anura: Dicroglossidae), enter a reversible hypometabolic state where heart rate and oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle are strongly suppressed. However, the effect of winter hibernation on gene expression and metabolic profiling in these two tissues remains unknown. In the present study, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of heart and skeletal muscle from summer- and winter-collected N.

Surviving winter on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: Extensive reversible protein phosphorylation plays a dominant role in regulating hypometabolism in hibernating .

Changes in protein abundance and reversible protein phosphorylation (RPP) play important roles in regulating hypometabolism but have never been documented in overwintering frogs at high altitudes. To test the hypothesis that protein abundance and phosphorylation change in response to winter hibernation, we conducted a comprehensive and quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of the liver of the Xizang plateau frog, , living on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (QTP). In total, 5 170 proteins and 5 695 phosphorylation sites in 1 938 proteins were quantified.

Hepatic transcriptome and gut microbiome provide insights into freeze tolerance in the high-altitude frog, Nanorana parkeri.

Among amphibians, freeze tolerance is a low-temperature survival strategy that has been well studied in several species. One influence on animal health and survival under adverse conditions is the gut microbiome. Gut microbes can be greatly affected by temperature fluctuations but, to date, this has not been addressed in high-altitude species.

Endosperm and amyloplast development in waxy wheat cultivars.

The endosperm is an essential part of wheat grains, and the accumulation of amyloplasts in endosperm determines the quality of wheat. Because waxy wheat has a special starch quality, there is a need to understand differences in endosperm and starch morphologies among waxy wheat cultivars. This study investigated differences in the endosperm and amyloplasts of two near-isogenic lines (Shimai19-P and Shimai19-N) and the wheat cultivar Shimai19 during various growth stages using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Polysaccharides from apple pomace exhibit anti-fatigue activity through increasing glycogen content.

The polysaccharides were isolated from apple pomace by hot-water extraction, and their anti-fatigue activity was evaluated in C2C12 muscle myoblasts and male Kunming mice. The purified polysaccharides from apple pomace (PAP) have a molecular weight of 1.74 × 10 Da and were composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and arabinose.

Effects of acute heat exposure on oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in overwintering frogs, Nanorana parkeri.

Climate warming is intensifying on the Tibetan Plateau and poses a serious threat to amphibians that live there. Although hibernation physiology and ecology of Nanorana parkeri, a frog species native to the Tibetan plateau, has been well studied, little information is available about the physiological and biochemical responses to acute rising temperature. Here, we conducted an acute warming experiment comparing hibernating N.

Physiological and Biochemical Adaptations to High Altitude in Tibetan Frogs, .

The Xizang plateau frog, (Anura: Dicroglossidae), is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, ranging from 2,850 to 5,100 m above sea level. The present study explores physiological and biochemical adaptations to high altitude in this species with a particular emphasis on parameters of hematology, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense in adult and juvenile collected from high (4,600 m a.s.

Physiological Ecology of Winter Hibernation by the High-Altitude Frog .

AbstractThe Xizang plateau frog, (Anura: Dicroglossidae), enters a dormant state in the winter in response to seasonal cold and lack of food. To investigate the physiological and ecological characteristics of overwintering in this species, we measured habitat conditions (hibernacula temperatures, body temperature, and water quality variables), morphology, metabolite concentrations, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and bacteria-killing ability (BKA) of plasma during summer and winter. We found that hibernates underwater at the bottom of ponds (10-20-cm depth).

Antioxidant and non-specific immune defenses in partially freeze-tolerant Xizang plateau frogs, Nanorana parkeri.

The Xizang plateau frog Nanorana parkeri can tolerate brief and partial freezing of their body. To determine the significant role of antioxidant defense and non-specific immune defense in freezing survival of this species, we assayed parameters of oxidative damage, antioxidant defense and non-specific immune enzymes during freezing exposure (-2 °C for 12 h) in five organs (heart, brain, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle). The results showed that freezing led to a significant rise in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl groups (CG) in brain, liver and kidney tissues.

Metabolic responses of plasma to extreme environments in overwintering Tibetan frogs Nanorana parkeri: a metabolome integrated analysis.

Many animals lower their metabolic rate in response to low temperatures and scarcity of food in the winter in phenomena called hibernation or overwintering. Living at high altitude on the Tibetan Plateau where winters are very cold, the frog Nanorana parkeri, survives in one of the most hostile environments on Earth but, to date, relatively little is known about the biochemical and physiological adjustments for overwintering by this species. The present study profiled changes in plasma metabolites of N.

The effect of long-term cold acclimation on redox state and antioxidant defense in the high-altitude frog, Nanorana pleskei.

Cold hardiness is a key determinant of the distribution and abundance of ectothermic animals, and thermal acclimation can strongly influence stress tolerance phenotypes. However, the effect of cold acclimation on oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses is still not well understood. Here, we investigated the effects of long-term cold exposure (30 days at 4 °C in darkness versus 30 days at 20 °C in natural light) on the redox state and antioxidant defenses of the high-altitude frog, Nanorana pleskei, indigenous to the Tibetan plateau.

The complete mitochondrial genome of (Lederer, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

The complete mitochondrial genome of (Lederer) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was 15,348 bps in size, and comprised 37 genes, which were 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes. Most PCGs used the conventional ATN start codon, except for initiating with CGA. Four genes (, , and ) used single T residue as stop condon.

Enzyme-triggered tyramine-enzyme repeats on prussian blue-gold hybrid nanostructures for highly sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of tissue polypeptide antigen.

A novel sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassay with sensitivity enhancement was developed for quantitative detection of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) by coupling with target-induced tyramine signal amplification on prussian blue-gold hybrid nanostructures. The immunosensor was prepared through immobilizing anti-TPA capture antibody on a cleaned screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Prussian blue-gold hybrid nanostructures (PBGNS) labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and detection antibody were utilized as the signal-transduction tags.

[Mechanism of 5'-to-3' degradation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA].

RNA degradation plays an important role in modulating gene expression and it affects multiple biological processes. There are three common degradation mechanisms of eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA: endonucleolytic, 5'-to-3' and 3'-to-5' exonucleolytic degradation. Differences do exist between the two kingdoms.