Pharmacokinetics, optimal dosages and withdrawal time of amoxicillin in Nile tilapia () reared at 25 and 30 °C.

Knowledge of amoxicillin (AMX) pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue residues in fish, which is necessary for prudent drug use, remains limited. The study aimed to explore the PK characteristics of AMX in Nile tilapia () reared at 25 and 30 °C as well as to determine optimal dosages and drug withdrawal time (WDT). In the PK investigation, the fish received a single dose of 40 mg/kg AMX oral gavage, and the optimal dosage was determined by the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic approach.

Effects of monoglycerides of short and medium chain fatty acids and cinnamaldehyde blend on the growth, survival, immune responses, and tolerance to hypoxic stress of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Free fatty acids have long been used as dietary supplements in aquaculture, but the application of monoglycerides has increased interest in more recent times. The study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary short- and medium-chain fatty acid monoglyceride and cinnamaldehyde (SMMG) on the growth performance, survival, immune responses, and tolerance to hypoxic stress of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Experiment 1, shrimp post-larvae were divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates and fed with diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.

Depletion kinetics of semicarbazide in giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) following nitrofurazone oral administration and its occurrence in an aquaculture farm.

Semicarbazide (SEM), a marker residue used to monitor the use of prohibited drug nitrofurazone (NFZ), is commonly found in wild crustaceans, implying the natural origin. However, the difference between endogenous and exogenous SEM has rarely been investigated. So, tissue-bound SEM was determined in samples collected from giant river prawns cultured in an aquaculture farm and in samples from an experiment where giant river prawns were fed twice a day with NFZ at 30 mg/kg for 5 days.

The presence of semicarbazide in crustaceans collected from natural habitats in Thailand.

Semicarbazide (SEM) has been used as a marker residue of the banned veterinary drug nitrofurazone (NFZ). Although evidence indicates that SEM can be found in some natural crustaceans that have never been exposed to NFZ, such information is limited to a few species. The present study aimed to investigate the natural occurrence of SEM in wild crustaceans in Thailand.

The Use of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222) in Asian Seabass () at Different Temperatures: Study of Optimal Doses, Minimum Effective Concentration, Blood Biochemistry, Immersion Pharmacokinetics, and Tissue Distributions.

This study was conducted to determine the optimal doses and minimum effective concentrations (MECs) of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) in marketable-size Asian seabass reared at two temperatures (22 and 28 °C). Serum biochemical parameters, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distributions of MS-222 following immersion at the determined optimal doses were also evaluated in order to delineate possible mechanisms dictating the temperature difference. The definition of optimal dose is set as the dose when fish attain stage III anesthesia within 5 min, sustain this stage for 3 min, and re-attain equilibrium within 5 min.

Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone, in suckling piglets following oral and intramuscular administrations.

Toltrazuril (TZR) is currently the only registered chemotherapeutic drug in the European Union for the treatment of Cystoisospora suis. This study investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue concentration-time profiles of TZR and its active metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZR-SO ), after oral (per os, p.o.

Effects of starvation on the pharmacokinetics and optimal dosages of florfenicol and associated serum biochemistry in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer).

Starvation has influence on physiology and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of many drugs in land animals. However, similar PK information in fish is lacking. The current study examined the effects of starvation on fish PK, taking florfenicol (FF) in Asian seabass as an example.

Effects of temperature on the pharmacokinetics, optimal dosage, tissue residue, and withdrawal time of florfenicol in asian seabass ().

Drug behavior in the bodies of fish is largely influenced by the water temperature. Antimicrobial drugs are needed for the control of bacterial outbreaks in farmed fish including Asian seabass (). However, little is known about the temperature effect on appropriate drug uses in this species.

Pharmacokinetics, optimal dosages and withdrawal time of florfenicol in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) after oral administration via medicated feed.

Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is an economically important fish in Asian and Australian markets, but few pharmacokinetic (PK) data of antimicrobial drugs in this species is available. The present study investigated the PK behaviour of florfenicol (FF) through medicated feed in Asian seabass cultured at 25°C. The serum and muscle/skin concentrations of FF and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) were determined by the HPLC-FLD method and analysed by one-compartmental model.

Combined Effects of Temperature and Salinity on the Pharmacokinetics of Florfenicol in Nile Tilapia () Reared in Brackish Water.

Prudent antimicrobial use requires knowledge of pharmacokinetics (PK) in a specific fish species which in turn depends on water temperature and salinity. Although the influence of each individual factor is known, the combined effect is less clear. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of temperature and salinity concurrently on the PK of florfenicol (FF) in Nile tilapia reared in brackish water.

Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on growth performance, survival, feed utilization, immune responses, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Spray-dried animal plasma (SDP) in feed for several animal species provides health benefits, but research about use of SDP in shrimp feed is very limited. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of dietary SDP on growth performance, feed utilization, immune responses, and prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Experiment 1, the post-larvae were divided into five groups (four tank/group and 80 shrimp/tank) and fed four times daily diets with porcine SDP at 0, 1.

Determination of Optimal Doses and Minimum Effective Concentrations of Tricaine Methanesulfonate, 2-Phenoxyethanol and Eugenol for Laboratory Managements in Nile Tilapia ().

Anesthetic agents are often used in fish experiments to reduce the stress and struggle and to improve animal welfare. The present study aimed to determine the optimal doses and serum minimum effective concentration (MEC) of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE), and eugenol (EUG) in Nile tilapia. Twenty-one fish were immersed in three different doses of each anesthetic and the minimal dose that produce stage III anesthesia within 5 min, maintain anesthesia status for 3 min, and recover within 5 min was considered the optimal dose.

Effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from Macleaya cordata on growth performance, survival, immune response, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Isoquinoline alkaloids (IQs) from Macleaya cordata are promising natural products for enhancing the growth performance and overall health condition of farmed animals. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two formulas of IQ extract, provided in either a powdered formula (IQ-E) or a water-soluble, granulated formula (IQ-WS) and containing the main active component sanguinarine at a concentration of 0.5% and 1%, respectively, on the growth, survival, immune response, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Bath immersion pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Drug administration by immersion can be a preferable method in certain conditions especially for treating small-sized, anorexic, or valuable fish. Pharmacokinetic information regarding bath treatment is considerably lacking in comparison to other common administration routes. The current study aimed to investigate if immersion can be an effective route to administer florfenicol (FF) for treatment in Nile tilapia.

and Synergistic Effects of Florfenicol and Thiamphenicol in Combination Against Swine and .

Potential synergism between florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TAP) was investigated for efficacy against and/or as well as efficacy in swine. Among isolates of ( = 58) and ( = 79) from pigs in Taiwan that were tested, high percentages showed resistance to FF (52 and 53%, respectively) and TAP (57 and 53%, respectively). Checkerboard microdilution assay indicated that synergism [fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ≤ 0.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling for the determination of optimal dosing regimen of florfenicol in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different water temperatures and antimicrobial susceptibility levels.

Optimized dosing regimen is key to the effective use of antibacterials and to minimizing drug-related side effects. The current study established a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model for the determination of optimal antibacterial dosing regimen in fish taken into consideration the temperature-dependent PK and the pathogen-dependent antimicrobial susceptibility, using florfenicol (FF) in Nile tilapia as an example. The calculated optimal dosages significantly varied by temperature and target MIC levels, ranging from 2.

Assessment of veterinary drugs in plants using pharmacokinetic approaches: The absorption, distribution and elimination of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole in ephemeral vegetables.

The present study was carried out to demonstrate novel use of pharmacokinetic approaches to characterize drug behaviors/movements in the vegetables with implications to food safety. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and most importantly, the elimination of tetracycline (TC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in edible plants Brassica rapa chinensis and Ipomoea aquatica grown hydroponically were demonstrated and studied using non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The results revealed drug-dependent and vegetable-dependent pharmacokinetic differences and indicated that ephemeral vegetables could have high capacity accumulating antibiotics (up to 160 μg g-1 for TC and 38 μg g-1 for SMX) within hours.

Effect of teapot materials on the chemical composition of oolong tea infusions.

Background: The flavor and quality of tea are widely believed to be associated with the pot in which the tea is made. However, this claim is mostly by experiences and lacks solid support from scientific evidence. The current study investigated and compared the chemical compositions of oolong tea made with six different teapot materials, namely Zisha, Zhuni, stainless steel, ceramic, glass and plastic.

Effect of dietary formic acid and astaxanthin on the survival and growth of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and their resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of formic acid (FA) and astaxanthin (AX) on growth, survival, immune parameters, and tolerance to Vibrio infection in Pacific white shrimp. The study was divided into two experiments. In experiment 1, postlarvae-12 were randomly distributed into six groups and then fed four times daily with six experimental diets contained 0.