Can prior knowledge increase task complexity? - Cases in which higher prior knowledge leads to higher intrinsic cognitive load.

Background & Aims: Cognitive load theory assumes that the higher the learner's prior knowledge (i.e., the more expert the learner), the lower the intrinsic cognitive load (complexity) experienced for a given problem.

Mechanisms behind the testing effect: an empirical investigation of retrieval practice in meaningful learning.

The testing effect-more learning by testing as compared to restudying-is a well-established finding. A typical testing procedure in the context of meaningful learning comprises a recall task after an initial study phase. Different theories refer to different mechanisms when explaining the positive effects of such recall tasks.