Optimization of FFPE preparation and identification of gene attributes associated with RNA degradation.

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are widely available specimens for clinical studies. However, RNA degradation in FFPE tissues often restricts their utility. In this study, we determined optimal FFPE preparation conditions, including tissue ischemia at 4°C (<48 h) or 25°C for a short time (0.

An Oomycete CRN Effector Reprograms Expression of Plant HSP Genes by Targeting their Promoters.

Oomycete pathogens produce a large number of CRN effectors to manipulate plant immune responses and promote infection. However, their functional mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we identified a Phytophthora sojae CRN effector PsCRN108 which contains a putative DNA-binding helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) motif and acts in the plant cell nucleus.

A Virulence Essential CRN Effector of Phytophthora capsici Suppresses Host Defense and Induces Cell Death in Plant Nucleus.

Phytophthora capsici is a soil-borne plant pathogen with a wide range of hosts. The pathogen secretes a large array of effectors during infection of host plants, including Crinkler (CRN) effectors. However, it remains largely unknown on the roles of these effectors in virulence especially in P.