Artificial intelligence in myopia: current and future trends.

Purpose Of Review: Myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment, with a projected increase in prevalence globally. One potential approach to address myopia and its complications is early detection and treatment. However, current healthcare systems may not be able to cope with the growing burden.

Post-keratoplasty Infectious Keratitis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Management, and Outcomes.

Post-keratoplasty infectious keratitis (PKIK) represents a unique clinical entity that often poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. It carries a high risk of serious complications such as graft rejection and failure, and less commonly endophthalmitis. Topical corticosteroids are often required to reduce the risk of graft rejection but their use in PKIK may act as a double-edged sword, particularly in fungal infection.

The associations of high academic performance with childhood ametropia prevalence and myopia development in China.

Background: To assess associations of high academic performance with ametropia prevalence and myopia development in Chinese schoolchildren.

Methods: This multicohort observational study was performed in Guangdong, China. We first performed a cross-sectional cohort analysis of students in grades 1 to 9 from Yangjiang to evaluate the relationship between academic performance and refractive status on a yearly basis.

Impact of type 2 diabetes and microvascular complications on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in a multiethnic Asian population.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a growing public health epidemic in Asia. We examined the impact of type 2 diabetes, glycemic control and microvascular complications on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in a multiethnic population-based cohort of Asians without prior cardiovascular disease.

Research Design And Methods: This was a prospective population-based cohort study in Singapore comprising participants from the three major Asian ethnic groups: Chinese, Malays and Indians, with baseline examination in 2004-2011.

Application of 5G Technology to Conduct Real-Time Teleretinal Laser Photocoagulation for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Importance: Interest in teleophthalmology has been growing, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The advent of fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems has the potential to revolutionize teleophthalmology, but these systems have not previously been leveraged to conduct therapeutic telemedicine in the ophthalmology field.

Objective: To assess the feasibility of 5G real-time laser photocoagulation as a telemedicine-based treatment for diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Artificial Intelligence in Cornea, Refractive Surgery, and Cataract: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions.

Corneal diseases, uncorrected refractive errors, and cataract represent the major causes of blindness globally. The number of refractive surgeries, either cornea- or lens-based, is also on the rise as the demand for perfect vision continues to increase. With the recent advancement and potential promises of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies demonstrated in the realm of ophthalmology, particularly retinal diseases and glaucoma, AI researchers and clinicians are now channeling their focus toward the less explored ophthalmic areas related to the anterior segment of the eye.

Rationale for American Society of Retina Specialists Best Practice Recommendations for Conducting Vitreoretinal Surgery during the COVID-19 Era.

Purpose: To detail the rationale behind recommendations recently published by the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS) outlining best practices for safety of vitreoretinal surgeons and staff while performing vitreoretinal surgery during the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic.

Methods: The committee for ASRS Best Practices for Retinal Surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic reviewed existing evidence and information on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and risk factors during vitreoretinal surgery. Recommendations were based on best available published data, cumulative clinical experiences, and recommendations and policies from other organizations.

Developing a reporting guideline for artificial intelligence-centred diagnostic test accuracy studies: the STARD-AI protocol.

Introduction: Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Study (STARD) was developed to improve the completeness and transparency of reporting in studies investigating diagnostic test accuracy. However, its current form, STARD 2015 does not address the issues and challenges raised by artificial intelligence (AI)-centred interventions. As such, we propose an AI-specific version of the STARD checklist (STARD-AI), which focuses on the reporting of AI diagnostic test accuracy studies.

Amniotic membrane transplantation for infectious keratitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Infectious keratitis (IK) is the 5th leading cause of blindness globally. Broad-spectrum topical antimicrobial treatment is the current mainstay of treatment for IK, though adjuvant treatment or surgeries are often required in refractory cases of IK. This systematic review aimed to examine the effectiveness and safety of adjuvant amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for treating IK.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Medical Education in Ophthalmology.

Clinical care in ophthalmology is rapidly evolving as artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are being developed. The medical community and national and federal regulatory bodies are recognizing the importance of adapting to AI. However, there is a gap in physicians' understanding of AI and its implications regarding its potential use in clinical care, and there are limited resources and established programs focused on AI and medical education in ophthalmology.

Association of Aberrant Posterior Vitreous Detachment and Pathologic Tractional Forces With Myopic Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess whether the tractional elements of pathologic myopia (PM; e.g. myopic traction maculopathy [MTM], posterior staphyloma [PS], and aberrant posterior vitreous detachment [PVD]) are associated with myopic macular degeneration (MMD) independent of age and axial length, among highly myopic (HM) eyes.

Evaluation of pediatric ophthalmologists' perspectives of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology.

Purpose: To survey pediatric ophthalmologists on their perspectives of artificial intelligence (AI) in ophthalmology.

Methods: This is a subgroup analysis of a study previously reported. In March 2019, members of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) were recruited via the online AAPOS discussion board to voluntarily complete a Web-based survey consisting of 15 items.

Accuracy of a Deep Learning System for Classification of Papilledema Severity on Ocular Fundus Photographs.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of a deep learning system (DLS) in classifying the severity of papilledema associated with increased intracranial pressure on standard retinal fundus photographs.

Methods: A DLS was trained to automatically classify papilledema severity in 965 patients (2,103 mydriatic fundus photographs), representing a multiethnic cohort of patients with confirmed elevated intracranial pressure. Training was performed on 1,052 photographs with mild/moderate papilledema (MP) and 1,051 photographs with severe papilledema (SP) classified by a panel of experts.

Comparison of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Lesion Sizes Measured on Multicolor Imaging and Indocyanine Green Angiography.

Purpose: To evaluate the areas of lesion components of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) measured using multicolor imaging compared to indocyanine green angiography (ICGA).

Methods: In a prospective study of 50 consecutive treatment-naïve PCV patients, multicolor imaging and ICGA were performed. The images were independently graded by reading center-certified retinal specialists to confirm the diagnosis of PCV and identify lesion components.

Global Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Projection of Burden through 2045: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Topic: To provide updated estimates on the global prevalence and number of people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) through 2045.

Clinical Relevance: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated the global population with diabetes mellitus (DM) to be 463 million in 2019 and 700 million in 2045. Diabetic retinopathy remains a common complication of DM and a leading cause of preventable blindness in the adult working population.

Topical use of alcohol in ophthalmology - Diagnostic and therapeutic indications.

Alcohol (ethanol) has been used in medicine since time immemorial. In ophthalmic practice, besides as an antiseptic, it was given as retrobulbar injections to relieve severe ocular pain. Alcohol can be applied topically to the surface of neoplastic or suspicious lesions to kill cells that might desquamate and seed during surgical excision, to treat epithelial ingrowth that can occur following corneal surgeries, particularly laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and to treat superficial infectious keratitis.

Retinal photograph-based deep learning algorithms for myopia and a blockchain platform to facilitate artificial intelligence medical research: a retrospective multicohort study.

Background: By 2050, almost 5 billion people globally are projected to have myopia, of whom 20% are likely to have high myopia with clinically significant risk of sight-threatening complications such as myopic macular degeneration. These are diagnoses that typically require specialist assessment or measurement with multiple unconnected pieces of equipment. Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches might be effective for risk stratification and to identify individuals at highest risk of visual loss.