Non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome in women and the elderly: recent updates and stones still left unturned.

Despite the growing awareness of adverse events with acute coronary syndrome and vigilance to refine pharmacological and interventional therapies, the understanding of how these events present in and affect women and the elderly remains limited. Pathophysiological differences in these subgroups and under-representation in large trials create a medical gap in sex- and age-related outcomes and in our knowledge of how best to detect, diagnose, and treat acute coronary syndrome. This review provides a general overview of recent advances in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction management in women and the elderly and elucidates areas where further exploration is needed.

Reconfiguring Cardiac Rehabilitation to Achieve Panvascular Prevention: New Care Models for a New World.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and its associated economic burden are increasing globally. Although cardiac rehabilitation is a vital component of secondary prevention with proven benefits, it is underutilized due to numerous barriers, especially in resource-limited settings. New care models for delivery of comprehensive prevention programs such as community-based, home-based, and "hybrid" models implementing m-health, e-health, and telemedicine need to be adopted.

Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Challenges and Interventions.

Socioeconomic status (SES) has a measurable and significant effect on cardiovascular health. Biological, behavioral, and psychosocial risk factors prevalent in disadvantaged individuals accentuate the link between SES and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Four measures have been consistently associated with CVD in high-income countries: income level, educational attainment, employment status, and neighborhood socioeconomic factors.

Marital Status and Outcomes in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease.

Background: Being unmarried is associated with decreased survival in the general population. Whether married, divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married status affects outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease has not been well characterized.

Methods And Results: A prospective cohort (inception period 2003-2015) of 6051 patients (mean age 63 years, 64% male, 23% black) undergoing cardiac catheterization for suspected or confirmed coronary artery disease was followed for a median of 3.

Cardiovascular disease risk reduction in diabetes through conventional and natural approaches.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant cause of premature complications and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition to lifestyle modifications, conventional treatment of DM consists of oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin sensitizers, and subcutaneous insulin. In diabetic individuals with or at risk for CVD, aspirin and statin therapy reduce CVD morbidity and mortality.

Comprehensive primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in women. Historically, medical research has focused on male patients, and subsequently, there has been decreased awareness of the burden of ASCVD in females until recent years. The biological differences between sexes and differences in societal expectations defined by gender roles contribute to gender differences in ASCVD risk factors.

Prognostic Significance of Nonobstructive Left Main Coronary Artery Disease in Women Versus Men: Long-Term Outcomes From the CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation For Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter) Registry.

Background: Patients with obstructive (≥50% stenosis) left main (LM) coronary artery disease (CAD) are at high risk for adverse events; prior studies have also documented worse outcomes among women than men with severe multivessel/LM CAD. However, the prognostic significance of nonobstructive (1%-49% stenosis) LM CAD, including sex-specific differences, has not been previously examined.

Methods And Results: In the long-term CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation For Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter) registry, patients underwent elective coronary computed tomographic angiography for suspected CAD and were followed for 5 years.

Comprehensive Cardiovascular Risk Reduction and Cardiac Rehabilitation in Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome.

The epidemic of obesity has contributed to a growing burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide. MetS is defined as central obesity along with associated factors such as hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. MetS and DM are associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Psychosocial Risk Factors Related to Ischemic Heart Disease in Women.

Background: Psychosocial risk factors such as stress and psychiatric disorders are known to have negative impacts on health outcomes, but their effects on ischemic heart disease, particularly in women, remain to be fully understood despite contributing to one-third of the population attributable risk in acute myocardial infarction.

Methods: The impact of stress, social isolation, low socioeconomic status, hostility and anger, and stress-related psychiatric disorders on cardiovascular outcomes and the potential mechanisms that underlie their association with ischemic heart disease, with a focus on women, is evaluated. Online search of relevant terms, including the aforementioned risk factors, women, and ischemic heart disease, was utilized to find recent and pertinent trials.

Physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease: implications for the clinician.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide. Because regular physical activity (PA) independently decreases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) while also having a positive, dose-related impact on other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, it has increasingly become a focus of CHD prevention. Current guidelines recommend 30 min of moderate-intensity PA 5 days a week, but exercise regimens remain underused.