The activation of inflammatory responses in the brain is potentiated by over-expressing acetylcholinesterase in myeloid lineage of transgenic mice.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has functions in neuroinflammation, beyond its classical role in neurotransmission. Understanding the role of AChE in neuroinflammation is of great significance, as it highlights the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In an in vitro study, the expression of AChE was up-regulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia/macrophage and contrarily potentiated the inflammatory responses via disturbing the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP).

Berberine and palmatine, acting as allosteric potential ligands of α7 nAChR, synergistically regulate inflammation and phagocytosis of microglial cells.

Berberine and palmatine are isoquinoline quaternary alkaloids derived from Chinese medicinal herbs. These alkaloids have shown promising synergy in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), indicating their potential in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides, the anti-inflammatory effects of berberine and palmatine have been widely reported, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Comparative proteomic analysis of edible bird's nest from different origins.

Edible bird's nest (EBN) mainly made of saliva that secreted by a variety of swiftlets is a kind of precious traditional Chinese medicine. EBNs from different biological and geographical origins exhibit varieties in morphology, material composition, nutritive value and commercial value. Here, we collected four different EBN samples from Huaiji, China (Grass EBN), Nha Trang, Vietnam (Imperial EBN) and East Kalimantan, Indonesia (White EBN and Feather EBN) respectively, and applied label-free quantitative MS-based proteomics technique to identify its protein composition.

The flavonoids induce the transcription of mRNA encoding erythropoietin in cultured embryonic stem cells via the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α.

Flavonoids are the most common phytochemicals in vegetables and herbal products. The beneficial functions of flavonoids in the brain and erythropoietic system have been proposed. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a potent protective agent in the brain; but which has difficulty to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB).

Capsaicin, a Phytochemical From Chili Pepper, Alleviates the Ultraviolet Irradiation-Induced Decline of Collagen in Dermal Fibroblast Blocking the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species.

Capsaicin, a major ingredient in chili pepper, has broad pharmaceutical applications, including relieving pain, anti-inflammation, and treating psoriasis. In dermatological biology, capsaicin has been shown to prevent the ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanogenesis TRPV1 receptor. To strengthen the roles of capsaicin in skin function, the damaged skin, triggered by exposure to UV, was reversed by capsaicin in both and models.

Regulation of acetylcholinesterase during the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglial cells.

The non-classical function of acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported in neuroinflammation that represents the modulating factor in immune responses via activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), i.e., a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP).

Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide.

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the significant reasons for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginsenosides, natural molecules extracted from , have been demonstrated to exert essential neuroprotective functions, which can ascribe to its anti-oxidative effect, enhancing central metabolism and improving mitochondrial function. However, a comprehensive analysis of cellular mitochondrial bioenergetics after ginsenoside treatment under Aβ-oxidative stress is missing.

Integrated Omics Reveals the Orchestrating Role of Calycosin in Danggui Buxue Tang, a Herbal Formula Containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix, in Inducing Osteoblastic Differentiation and Proliferation.

Systems biology unravels the black box of signaling pathway of cells; but which has not been extensively applied to reveal the mechanistic synergy of a herbal formula. The therapeutic efficacies of a herbal formula having multi-target, multi-function and multi-pathway are the niches of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Here, we reported an integrated omics approach, coupled with the knockout of an active compound, to measure the regulation of cellular signaling, as to reveal the landscape in cultured rat osteoblasts having synergistic pharmacological efficacy of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), a Chinese herbal formula containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix.

Danggui Buxue Tang, a Chinese herbal decoction containing Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix, improves mitochrondial bioenergetics in osteoblast.

Osteoporosis is the process of bone loss, particular after menopause, when the production of estrogen in women is decreaing. Bioenergetic function is one of the critical roles in bone remodeling. Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) is an herbal mixture containing Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR), and which is consumed for "Qi-invigorating", i.

Rapid Geographical Origin Identification and Quality Assessment of Angelicae Sinensis Radix by FT-NIR Spectroscopy.

Angelicae Sinensis Radix is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and spice in China. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for geographical classification of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and determine the contents of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide in the samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. A qualitative model was established to identify the geographical origin of Angelicae Sinensis Radix using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy.

The Cholinesterase Inhibitory Properties of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix.

Stephaniae tetrandrae radix (STR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine in alleviating edema by inducing diuresis. In the clinic, STR extracts or its components are widely used in the treatment of edema, dysuria, and rheumatism for the regulation of water metabolism. Furthermore, STR has been used in treating emotional problems for years by combining with other Chinese herbs.

Dehydrocorydaline Accounts the Majority of Anti-Inflammatory Property of Corydalis Rhizoma in Cultured Macrophage.

Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for its potency in activating blood circulation and analgesia. In clinic, CR extracts or components are commonly used in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, rheumatism, and dysmenorrhea with different types of inflammation. However, due to different mechanism of pain and inflammation, the anti-inflammatory property of CR has not been fully revealed.

Capsaicin Inhibits the Expression of Melanogenic Proteins in Melanocyte via Activation of TRPV1 Channel: Identifying an Inhibitor of Skin Melanogenesis.

Chili pepper belongs to the genus of Solanaceae family. Capsaicin is the primary capsaicinoid in placenta and flesh of chili pepper fruit, which has been shown to have various pharmacological functions, including gastric protection, anti-inflammation, and obesity treatment. Here, we revealed that capsaicin as well as chilli extract was able to inhibit synthesis of melanin in melanocytes.

Solar light induces expression of acetylcholinesterase in skin keratinocytes: Signalling mediated by activator protein 1 transcription factor.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyses acetylcholine to choline and acetate, playing an important role in terminating the neurotransmission in brain and muscle. Recently, the non-neuronal functions of AChE have been proposed in different tissues, in which there are various factors to regulate the expression of AChE. In mammalian skin, AChE was identified in melanocytes and keratinocytes.

Fermentation of Danggui Buxue Tang, an ancient Chinese herbal mixture, together with enhances the anti-diabetic functions of herbal product.

Background: Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), an ancient Chinese herbal decoction containing Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix at a ratio of 5: 1, is prescribed for menopausal women. Flavonoids and its flavonoid glycosides are considered as the major active ingredients within the herbal decoction; however, their amount is not controllable during the preparation. Besides, the aglycons within DBT are believed to have better gut absorption and pharmacological efficacy.

Solar light induces the release of acetylcholine from skin keratinocytes affecting melanogenesis.

Cholinergic system conducts signal transmission in brain and muscle. Besides nervous system, the nonneuronal functions of cholinergic system have been proposed in various tissues. The expression of cholinergic proteins and release of acetylcholine in human skin have been reported, but its mechanism and influence on dermatological functions is not elucidated.

Synergistic Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase by Alkaloids Derived from Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex.

Alkaloids having acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity are commonly found in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM); for example, berberine from , galantamine from , and huperzine A from . In practice of TCM, Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix (STR) is often combined with Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) or Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (PCC) as paired herbs during clinical application. Fangchinoline from STR and coptisine and/or berberine from CR and/or PCC are active alkaloids in inhibiting AChE.

Isorhynchophylline ameliorates cognitive impairment via modulating amyloid pathology, tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation: Studies in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Isorhynchophylline (IRN) has been demonstrated to have distinct anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activity in several animal models of AD. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the preventive effect of IRN on the cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology in TgCRND8 mice. Male TgCRND8 mice were administered with IRN (20 or 40 mg/kg) by oral gavage daily for 4 months, followed by assessing the spatial learning and memory functions with the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) test.

Polysaccharide Promotes the In Vitro Metabolism of Ophiopogonins by Human Gut Microbiota.

Gut microbiota play an important role in metabolism of intake saponins, and parallelly, the polysaccharides deriving from herbal products possess effects on gut microbiota. Ophiopogonis Radix is a common Chinese herb that is popularly used as functional food in China. Polysaccharide and steroidal saponin, e.

Polysaccharide deriving from Ophiopogonis Radix promotes metabolism of ginsenosides in the present of human gut microbiota based on UPLC-MS/MS assay.

The combined usage of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (ginseng) and Ophiopogonis Radix is common in oriental countries for thousands of years. The major active constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides, and the conversion of ginsenosides to different metabolites by gut microbiota has been reported. However, the effect of Ophiopogonis Radix, especially its polysaccharides, on the metabolism of ginsenosides by gut microbiota is not known.

An Ancient Chinese Herbal Decoction Containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Astragali Radix, Jujuba Fructus, and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens Stimulates the Browning Conversion of White Adipocyte in Cultured 3T3-L1 Cells.

Background: Abnormal storage of white adipocyte tissue (WAT) is the major factor causing obesity. The promising strategies for obesity treatment are building up the brown adipocyte tissue (BAT) and/or expedite fatty acid catabolism. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) sheds light on preventing obesity.

Danggui Buxue Tang, a Chinese Herbal Decoction Containing Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Modulates Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Cultured Cardiomyoblasts.

Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) is an ancient herbal mixture containing Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix, and which are commonly consumed for "qi-invigorating" (i.e., stimulating vital energy/energy metabolism) as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Differentiation of erythroblast requires the dimeric form of acetylcholinesterase: Interference with erythropoietin receptor.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyzes acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses, and which has various isoforms of AChE, i.e. AChE, AChE and AChE, deriving from single gene.

Asarones from Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma stimulate expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors in cultured astrocytes.

Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (ATR, the dried rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott.) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used to treat brain diseases, e.g.