Comparing multi-module connections in membrane chromatography scale-up.

Membrane chromatography is increasingly used for protein purification in the biopharmaceutical industry. Membrane adsorbers are often pre-assembled by manufacturers as ready-to-use modules. In large-scale protein manufacturing settings, the use of multiple membrane modules for a single batch is often required due to the large quantity of feed material.

Extrapolation occurs in multiple object tracking when eye movements are controlled.

There is much debate regarding the types of information observers use to track moving objects. Howe and Holcombe (Journal of Vision 12(13): 1-10, 2012) recently reported evidence that observers employ extrapolation while tracking. However, their study is potentially confounded because it did not control for eye movements.

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements: discovery, distribution, and activity.

Eukaryotic organisms have dynamic genomes, with transposable elements (TEs) as a major contributing factor. Although the large autonomous TEs can significantly shape genomic structures during evolution, genomes often harbor more miniature nonautonomous TEs that can infest genomic niches where large TEs are rare. In spite of their cut-and-paste transposition mechanisms that do not inherently favor copy number increase, miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are abundant in eukaryotic genomes and exist in high copy numbers.