Transcriptome Profile of the Variegated c.v. Milky Stripe Fig Leaf.

Photosynthetic properties and transcriptomic profiles of green and white sectors of (c.v. milky stripe fig) leaves were examined in naturally variegated plants.

Transcriptome profile of cup-shaped galls in Litsea acuminata leaves.

Background: Insect galls are atypical plant tissues induced by the invasion of insects. Compared to the host leaf, gall tissues lose photosynthetic ability, but have higher soluble sugar content. Although the physiological and biochemical regulation of gall tissues have been demonstrated, the mechanism of genetic regulation has only been analyzed in few studies.

Eliminating interference by anthocyanins when determining the porphyrin ratio of red plant leaves.

Anthocyanins (Ants) are water-soluble secondary metabolites that are responsible for red colour of plant leaves. To determine photosynthetic pigments, 80% acetone was used to extract Ants from Ant-containing leaves of test plants. However, using the 80% acetone extraction method can lead to interference between chlorophylls (Chls) and Ants.

Cortisol Regulates Acid Secretion of H(+)-ATPase-rich Ionocytes in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos.

Systemic acid-base regulation is vital for physiological processes in vertebrates. Freshwater (FW) fish live in an inconstant environment, and thus frequently face ambient acid stress. FW fish have to efficiently modulate their acid secretion processes for body fluid acid-base homeostasis during ambient acid challenge; hormonal control plays an important role in such physiological regulation.

Aquaporin 1 Is Involved in Acid Secretion by Ionocytes of Zebrafish Embryos through Facilitating CO2 Transport.

Mammalian aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is well known to function as a membrane channel for H2O and CO2 transport. Zebrafish AQP1a.1 (the homologue of mammalian AQP1) was recently identified in ionocytes of embryos; however its role in ionocytes is still unclear.

Development in a naturally acidified environment: Na+/H+-exchanger 3-based proton secretion leads to CO2 tolerance in cephalopod embryos.

Background: Regulation of pH homeostasis is a central feature of all animals to cope with acid-base disturbances caused by respiratory CO2. Although a large body of knowledge is available for vertebrate and mammalian pH regulatory systems, the mechanisms of pH regulation in marine invertebrates remain largely unexplored.

Results: We used squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana), which are known as powerful acid-base regulators to investigate the pH regulatory machinery with a special focus on proton secretion pathways during environmental hypercapnia.

Rhcg1 and Rhbg mediate ammonia excretion by ionocytes and keratinocytes in the skin of zebrafish larvae: H+-ATPase-linked active ammonia excretion by ionocytes.

In zebrafish, Rhcg1 was found in apical membranes of skin ionocytes [H⁺-ATPase-rich (HR) cells], which are similar to α-type intercalated cells in mammalian collecting ducts. However, the cellular distribution and role of Rhbg in zebrafish larvae have not been well investigated. In addition, HR cells were hypothesized to excrete ammonia against concentration gradients.

Rhcg1 and NHE3b are involved in ammonium-dependent sodium uptake by zebrafish larvae acclimated to low-sodium water.

To investigate whether Na(+) uptake by zebrafish is dependent on NH4(+) excretion, a scanning ion-selective electrode technique was applied to measure Na(+) and NH4(+) gradients at the yolk-sac surface of zebrafish larvae. Low-Na(+) acclimation induced an inward Na(+) gradient (uptake), and a combination of low Na(+) and high NH4(+) induced a larger inward Na(+) gradient. When measuring the ionic gradients, raising the external NH4(+) level (5 mM) blocked NH4(+) excretion and Na(+) uptake; in contrast, raising the external Na(+) level (10 mM) simultaneously enhanced Na(+) uptake and NH4(+) excretion.

Chloride transport in mitochondrion-rich cells of euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae.

A noninvasive scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) was applied to measure Cl- transport at individual mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) in the skin of euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae. In seawater (SW)-acclimated larvae, outward Cl- gradients (20-80 mM higher than the background) were measured at the surface, indicating a secretion of Cl- from the skin. By serial probing over the surface of MRCs and adjacent keratinocytes (KCs), a significant outward flux of Cl- was detected at the apical opening (membrane) of MRCs.

Ammonia excretion by the skin of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae.

The mechanism of ammonia excretion in freshwater teleosts is not well understood. In this study, scanning ion-selective electrode technique was applied to measure H(+) and NH(4)(+) fluxes in specific cells on the skin of zebrafish larvae. NH(4)(+) extrusion was relatively high in H(+) pump-rich cells, which were identified as the H(+)-secreting ionocyte in zebrafish.