Consequences of Medical Hierarchy on Medical Students, Residents, and Medical Education in Otolaryngology.

Objective: To (1) review concepts of medical hierarchy; (2) examine the role of medical hierarchy in medical education and resident training; (3) discuss potential negative impacts of dysfunctional hierarchy in medical and surgical training programs, focusing on otolaryngology; and (4) investigate solutions to these issues.

Data Sources: Ovid Medline, Embase, GoogleScholar, JSTOR, Google, and article reference lists.

Review Methods: A literature search was performed to identify articles relating to the objectives of the study using the aforementioned data sources, with subsequent exclusion of articles believed to be outside the scope of the current work.