The supine moving apprehension test-Reliability and validity among healthy individuals and patients with anterior shoulder instability.

Background: Performance-based tests for patients with anterior shoulder dislocation are lacking. This study determined the reliability and validity of the supine moving apprehension test designed to assess the ability to control anterior instability loads.

Methods: Thirty-six participants were recruited (18 healthy individuals, and 18 patients following anterior shoulder dislocation).

Reliability of isokinetic decay slope is superior to using fatigue indices for shoulder horizontal abduction.

Introduction: Reliable and valid measurements for shoulder muscular endurance should be available for clinical use. The posterior shoulder endurance test offers a potential clinical assessment, but its construct validity isn't available. Since a criterion measure of muscular endurance is not available, this study's purpose was to determine a reliable method for testing shoulder muscular endurance using an isokinetic dynamometer.

Regaining motion among patients with shoulder pathology - are all exercises equal?

Background: Little information exists to guide the choice of exercise for regaining shoulder range of motion (ROM). The purpose of this study was to compare the maximal ROM reached, pain and difficulty associated with 4 commonly prescribed exercises.

Methods: Forty (9 females) patients with various shoulder disorders and a limited flexion ROM performed 4 exercises for regaining shoulder flexion ROM in a randomized order.

Prevalence and Impact of Musculoskeletal Pain Due to Operating Among Surgical Trainees.

Objective: Upwards of 79%-88% of practicing surgeons report musculoskeletal pain due to operating. However, little is known about when these issues begin to become clinically significant. This survey evaluates the prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal pain among surgical residents.

A Plague of Their Own: Injury Incidence Remains Elevated in the 2021 Major League Baseball Season Compared to Pre-COVID-19 Seasons.

Background: Significant increases in injuries were observed in the 2020 Major League Baseball (MLB) season; these were attributed to an increased acute to chronic workload due to the interrupted preseason and compressed season during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In 2021, the MLB resumed its regular schedule.

Hypothesis/purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the injury incidence and epidemiology of the 2021 MLB season compared to the injury incidence in the 2020 season and pre-COVID-19 seasons.

Efficacy of power training to improve physical function in individuals diagnosed with frailty and chronic disease: A meta-analysis.

Muscle power training with emphasis on high-velocity of concentric movement improves physical functionality in healthy older adults, and, maybe superior to traditional exercise programs. Power training may also be advantageous for patients with acute and chronic illnesses, as well as frail individuals. To determine the efficacy of power training compared with traditional resistance training on physical function outcomes in individuals diagnosed with frailty, acute illness or chronic disease.

More Elevated Fastballs Associated With Placement on the Injured List due to Shoulder Injury.

Purpose: To evaluate whether impending shoulder injury was associated with changes in pitch location or velocity immediately preceding injury.

Methods: Pitchers placed on the injured list (IL) due to a shoulder injury between 2015 and 2020 were identified in the Major League Baseball transactions database. Four-seam fastball velocity and frequency of pitch location for each pitch type was collected for each player in the season before placement on the IL and within 1 month of placement on the IL with a minimum of 55 pitches thrown of 1 type.

International physical therapists consensus on clinical descriptors for diagnosing rotator cuff related shoulder pain: A Delphi study.

Background: There is a lack of standardized criteria for diagnosing rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP).

Objective: To identify the most relevant clinical descriptors for diagnosing RCRSP.

Methods: A Delphi study was conducted through use of an international physical therapists expert panel.

Identifying Risk Factors of Upper Extremity Injuries in Collegiate Baseball Players: A Pilot Study.

Background: Repetitive pitching places tremendous forces on the shoulder and elbow which can lead to upper extremity (UE) or lower extremity (LE) overuse injuries.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate pre-season physical measurements in collegiate baseball players and track in-season baseball throwing volume to determine which factors may predict throwing overuse injuries.

Study Design: Retrospective Cohort study.

Pitch break and performance metrics remain unchanged in pitchers who returned to the same level of play after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major League Baseball pitchers.

Background: The ulnar collateral ligament is commonly injured in overhead-throwing athletes, particularly baseball pitchers. Pitch movement (break) is a critical aspect to pitching performance. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the changes in pitch velocity, pitch break, angle of break, and pitch performance metrics before and after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) in Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers.

Injury Rates in Major League Baseball During the 2020 COVID-19 Season.

Background: The 2020 Major League Baseball (MLB) season was drastically altered because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The changes included an extended layoff between March and July as well as a shortened preseason.

Purpose/hypothesis: To determine the incidence and epidemiology of MLB injuries in the abbreviated 2020 season compared with prior seasons.

A quantitative comparison of arm activity between survivors of breast cancer and healthy controls: use of accelerometry.

Purpose: Survivors of breast cancer (BC) on the non-dominant side have more persistent deficits than those with cancer on the dominant limb. What is not known is whether those with BC use their involved upper limbs more, less, or at the same level as women without BC. Accelerometer use offers a quantifiable method to measure activity levels of upper limbs.

Comparison of Upper Extremity Function in Women With and Women Without a History of Breast Cancer.

Background: Breast cancer treatments often result in upper extremity functional limitations in both the short and long term. Current evidence makes comparisons against a baseline or contralateral limb, but does not consider changes in function associated with aging.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare upper extremity function between women treated for breast cancer more than 12 months in the past and women without cancer.

A COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION PROGRAM FOR TREATING LATERAL ELBOW TENDINOPATHY.

Unlabelled: Scapular muscle weakness in patients with lateral elbow tendinopathy is an identified impairment and is part of a multimodal rehabilitation approach. The published literature provides little information regarding specific rehabilitation guidelines that address both the proximal scapular muscle weakness and local elbow/wrist dysfunctions common in patients with lateral elbow tendinopathy. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to describe a comprehensive rehabilitation strategy for individuals with lateral elbow tendinopathy.

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Evaluation, Management, and Outcomes of and Return-to- Play Criteria for Overhead Athletes With Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Injuries.

Objective:   To present recommendations for the diagnosis, management, outcomes, and return to play of athletes with superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) injuries.

Background:   In overhead athletes, SLAP tears are common as either acute or chronic injuries. The clinical guidelines presented here were developed based on a systematic review of the current evidence and the consensus of the writing panel.

Muscle activity during maximal isometric forearm rotation using a power grip.

This study aimed to provide quantitative activation data for muscles of the forearm during pronation and supination while using a power grip. Electromyographic data was collected from 15 forearm muscles in 11 subjects while they performed maximal isometric pronating and supinating efforts in nine positions of forearm rotation. Biceps brachii was the only muscle with substantial activation in only one effort direction.

Effectiveness of a Home-Based Eccentric-Exercise Program on the Torque-Angle Relationship of the Shoulder External Rotators: A Pilot Study.

Context: The role of the rotator cuff is to provide dynamic stability to the glenohumeral joint. Human and animal studies have identified sarcomerogenesis as an outcome of eccentric training indicated by more torque generation with the muscle in a lengthened position.

Objective: The authors hypothesized that a home-based eccentric-exercise program could increase the shoulder external rotators' eccentric strength at terminal internal rotation (IR).

Neuromuscular Alterations After Ankle Sprains: An Animal Model to Establish Causal Links After Injury.

Context: The mechanisms that contribute to the development of chronic ankle instability are not understood. Investigators have developed a hypothetical model in which neuromuscular alterations that stem from damaged ankle ligaments are thought to affect periarticular and proximal muscle activity. However, the retrospective nature of these studies does not allow a causal link to be established.

Wearable IMU for Shoulder Injury Prevention in Overhead Sports.

Body-worn inertial sensors have enabled motion capture outside of the laboratory setting. In this work, an inertial measurement unit was attached to the upper arm to track and discriminate between shoulder motion gestures in order to help prevent shoulder over-use injuries in athletics through real-time preventative feedback. We present a detection and classification approach that can be used to count the number of times certain motion gestures occur.

Hybrid diffuse optical techniques for continuous hemodynamic measurement in gastrocnemius during plantar flexion exercise.

Occlusion calibrations and gating techniques have been recently applied by our laboratory for continuous and absolute diffuse optical measurements of forearm muscle hemodynamics during handgrip exercises. The translation of these techniques from the forearm to the lower limb is the goal of this study as various diseases preferentially affect muscles in the lower extremity. This study adapted a hybrid near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy system with a gating algorithm to continuously quantify hemodynamic responses of medial gastrocnemius during plantar flexion exercises in 10 healthy subjects.

Preseason Perceived Physical Capability and Previous Injury.

Context: Patient opinion about the ability to perform athletic maneuvers is important after injury; however, prospective assessment of self-perceived physical capability for athletes before the beginning of a season is lacking.

Objective: To perform a descriptive analysis of knee, shoulder, and elbow self-perceived measures of physical capability specific to athletics and to compare the measures between athletes with and without a history of injury.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

A prospective analysis of factors associated with decreased physical activity in patients with cirrhosis undergoing transplant evaluation.

Background: Physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved recovery time after transplantation. Handgrip strength has been related to post-transplant outcomes.

Aim: To evaluate predictors of PA and grip strength in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplant evaluation.