Modeling Physiological Flow in Fontan Models With Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Particle Image Velocimetry, and Arterial Spin Labeling.

The Fontan procedure is a successful palliation for single ventricle defect. Yet, a number of complications still occur in Fontan patients due to abnormal blood flow dynamics, necessitating improved flow analysis and treatment methods. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a suitable method for such flow analysis.

In Vitro Validation of 4D Flow MRI for Local Pulse Wave Velocity Estimation.

Purpose: Arterial stiffness has predictive value for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Local artery stiffness can provide insight on CVD pathology and may be useful for diagnosis and prognosis. However, current methods are invasive, require real-time expertise for measurement, or are limited by arterial region.