Synthetic 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil paired with inflammatory stimuli facilitates MAIT cell expansion .

Introduction: Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate-like T cells, which mediate host immunity to microbial infection by recognizing metabolite antigens derived from microbial riboflavin synthesis presented by the MHC-I-related protein 1 (MR1). Namely, the potent MAIT cell antigens, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU) and 5-(2-oxoethylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OE-RU), form via the condensation of the riboflavin precursor 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU) with the reactive carbonyl species (RCS) methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxal (G), respectively. Although MAIT cells are abundant in humans, they are rare in mice, and increasing their abundance using expansion protocols with antigen and adjuvant has been shown to facilitate their study in mouse models of infection and disease.

RIPK3 controls MAIT cell accumulation during development but not during infection.

Cell death mechanisms in T lymphocytes vary according to their developmental stage, cell subset and activation status. The cell death control mechanisms of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a specialized T cell population, are largely unknown. Here we report that MAIT cells express key necroptotic machinery; receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein, in abundance.

Deep Shave Removal of Suspected Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Study.

Background: Diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in the same visit by shave removal may decrease health care spending and promote patient satisfaction.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate deep shave removal of lesions clinically suspicious for low-risk BCC on the trunk or extremities in immunocompetent patients.

Materials And Methods: Deep shave removal with the intent to remove the entire tumor was performed from January 2015 to June 2016, and patients were followed prospectively for clinical evidence of tumor recurrence.

The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Infection.

() causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed.

In pursuit of biomarkers for predicting susceptibility to activity-based anorexia in adolescent female rats.

Objective: Identifying risk factors that contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN) is critical for the implementation of early intervention strategies. Anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and immune dysfunction may be involved in the development of AN; however, their direct influence on susceptibility to the condition remains unclear. Here, we used the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model to examine whether activity, anxiety-like behavior, compulsive behavior, and circulating immune markers predict the subsequent development of pathological weight loss.

COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease: Review of available evidence.

Dermatologists diagnose and treat many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). Understanding the inherent immune dysregulation of these diseases as well as the additional disruption that comes as a result of IMID treatments has been important during the COVID-19 pandemic. With vaccines becoming widely available, dermatologists need to be familiar with the risks and benefits of vaccination in these patients, particularly those taking biologics, in order to have informed discussions with their patients.

Clonal multi-omics reveals Bcor as a negative regulator of emergency dendritic cell development.

Despite advances in single-cell multi-omics, a single stem or progenitor cell can only be tested once. We developed clonal multi-omics, in which daughters of a clone act as surrogates of the founder, thereby allowing multiple independent assays per clone. With SIS-seq, clonal siblings in parallel "sister" assays are examined either for gene expression by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) or for fate in culture.

Fatal Disseminated Mucormycosis in a Hematological Immunocompromised Patient with Extensive Voriconazole Exposure: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Disseminated mucormycosis is a rare, opportunistic, and aggressive infection typically presenting in immunocompromised patients. Herein, we report a 55-year-old male with a past medical history of Philadelphia-negative B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who presented with a 2-month history of non-painful necrotic ulcers on the nose, knuckles, elbow, foot, and scrotum following 3 months of voriconazole (VRC) exposure in the setting of an unrelated fungal pneumonia. Our case reinforces the virulent and often fatal nature of the disease amongst immunocompromised patients, along with extensive VRC exposure as a possible supplementary risk factor.

Sweet syndrome with pulmonary involvement in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome.

We report a patient with Sweet syndrome involving the pulmonary system in the context of myelodysplastic syndrome. Although Sweet syndrome may involve a variety of organ systems, the pulmonary system is rarely affected and can result in poor clinical outcomes, including acute respiratory distress syndrome. Both cutaneous and pulmonary symptoms respond well to systemic corticosteroid therapy and early diagnosis and treatment can improve the prognosis.

Daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates are poorly sensed by dendritic cells.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents an increasing threat to public health, with antimicrobial resistance on the rise and infections endemic in the hospital setting. Despite a global research effort to understand and combat antimicrobial resistance, less work has focused on understanding the nuances in the immunopathogenesis of clinical strains. In particular, there is a surprising gap of knowledge in the literature pertaining to how clinical strains are recognized by dendritic cells (DCs).

Initial skin cancer screening for solid organ transplant recipients in the United States: Delphi method development of expert consensus guidelines.

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy affecting solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR), and SOTR experience increased skin cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. There are no formal multidisciplinary guidelines for skin cancer screening after transplant, and current practices are widely variable. We conducted three rounds of Delphi method surveys with a panel of 84 U.

Dendritic cell subsets.

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells comprising a variety of subsets, as either resident or migrating cells, in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. In the steady state DC continually process and present antigens on MHCI and MHCII, processes that are highly upregulated upon activation. By expressing differential sets of pattern recognition receptors different DC subsets are able to respond to a range of pathogenic and danger stimuli, enabling functional specialisation of the DC.

Linear porokeratosis associated with multiple squamous cell carcinomas.

Linear porokeratosis is a rare subtype of porokeratosis with a higher rate of malignant transformation than other subtypes of porokeratosis. Identification of cornoid lamellae on histology allows for definitive diagnosis, which makes high clinical suspicion and appropriate biopsy essential in establishing the correct diagnosis and developing an effective management plan. We present a case report of linear porokeratosis and discuss aspects of etiology, diagnosis, and management.

Multifocal primary cutaneous nodular amyloidosis.

Nodular cutaneous amyloidosis (NCA), the least common form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis, is characterized clinically by waxy, purpuric plaques and nodules and histologically by amyloid deposits in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. We present a patient who developed multiple, non-contiguous NCA lesions over a three year period without evidence of systemic disease. We reviewed the literature and found few other cases of this unusual presentation.