For the rural curious: mixed methods evaluation of a rural pharmacy practice elective.

Background: As of 2020, 20% of people residing in the United States of America (U.S.) lived in rural communities.

Initial Employment Plans of PharmD Graduates from Ten Public Colleges/Schools of Pharmacy, 2018-2022.

Objective: Since 2009, the Big Ten Pharmacy Assessment Collaborative has surveyed their Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) graduates regarding their first employment plans. The current study updates the results from 2013-2017, since which the nationwide demand for pharmacists decreased, then increased again due to COVID-19.

Methods: Quantitative first-position employment data from 2018-2022 were tracked among 6687 Big Ten PharmD graduates.

Personalizing Personalized Medicine: The Confluence of Pharmacogenomics, a Person's Medication Experience and Ethics.

Truly personalized precision medicine combines pharmacogenomics (PGx), a person's lived medication experiences and ethics; person-centeredness lies at the confluence of these considerations. A person-centered perspective can help inform PGx-related treatment guidelines, shared decision-making for PGx-related therapeutics and PGx-related healthcare policy. This article examines the interplay between these components of person-centered PGx-related care.

The Importance of Teaching Ethics in Pharmacy Education.

All pharmacy faculty members should have a general understanding of the field of ethics, regardless of whether they have received any formal training, since instruction and training in ethical decision-making is an accreditation expectation. Additionally, whether they recognize it or not, pharmacy faculty members are involved in ethical decision-making on an almost daily basis. The aims of the current commentary are to expand on a basic approach to ethical decision-making using examples involving students or faculty members in each of the triad areas of teaching, research, and service, and serve as a starting point to enable all faculty to teach students how to work through an ethical dilemma.

Detection of Academic Early Warning Signs and Effective Intervention "Takes a Village".

Early intervention for students at risk of academic difficulty can be more effectively accomplished using a team-based approach that capitalizes on the expertise of many in a pharmacy education community. Authored by members of the Big Ten Alliance Pharmacy Assessment Collaborative, this commentary advocates for better integration of assessment professionals, pharmacy faculty, and student support services to capture academic, accountability, and behavior-related data that might signal student intellectual and/or behavioral challenges and manifest as marginal academic performance. Assessment professionals can assist with creating data dashboards/monitoring systems, recognizing trends within the data, refining formulas to identify at-risk students, and measuring the impact of interventions to determine which approaches positively and significantly influence outcomes.

Addressing Hidden Curricula That Subvert the Patient-Centeredness "Hub" of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process "Wheel".

This systematic review's purpose is to improve clarity for the meaning of patient-centered care in the JCPP Pharmacists' Patient Care Process and to provide an initial foothold for faculty to address "hidden curricula" that undermine the concept. Our corresponding objectives were to identify and describe the conceptualizations defining patient-centered care from the pharmacy literature; and compare the meaning of patient-centeredness in the pharmacy literature with the construct's seminal conceptualizations from other professional groups. The search protocol produced 61 unique sources from the pharmacy literature.

Incorporating Ethics Content Throughout an Integrated Pharmacy Curriculum.

To incorporate ethics content into nine courses across three years of the didactic pharmacy curriculum and in introductory and advanced pharmacy practice experiences to ensure Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students are prepared to address ethical issues. A free-standing, one-credit ethics course from the existing curriculum was eliminated. Partnering with course directors from nine required PharmD courses across all three years of the didactic curriculum and with the Office of Experiential Education, an Integrated Ethics syllabus was created that provided each class of approximately 170 students with at least one credit of didactic ethics instruction and added ethics activities to the experiential curriculum.

Seeing the Elephant: A Systematic Scoping Review and Comparison of Patient-Centeredness Conceptualizations from Three Seminal Perspectives.

"Patient-Centeredness" (PC) is a theoretical construct made up of a diverse constellation of distinct concepts, processes, practices, and outcomes that have been developed, arranged, and prioritized heterogeneously by different communities of professional healthcare practice, research, and policy. It is bound together by a common ethos that puts the holistic individual at the functional and symbolic center of their care, a quality deemed essential for chronic disease management and health promotion. Several important contributions to the PC research space have adeptly integrated seminal PC conceptualizations to improve conceptual clarity, measurement, implementation, and evaluation in research and practice.

Patient-Centered Care preferences & expectations in outpatient pharmacist practice: A three archetype heuristic.

Background: Patient-Centered Care (PCC) resides in the center of the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners' "Pharmacists' Patient Care Process" (PPCP) and is essential to successful management of chronic disease. However, the widely recognized importance and relevance of PCC contrasts with the limited number of studies in the pharmacist literature investigating patient preferences and expectations that inform PCC. Filling this gap is vital for improving pharmacist PCC at the micro-level (i.

How does a drug court experience influence student pharmacists?

Introduction: Drug court is a highly structured, community-based criminal justice alternative to imprisonment and probation that incorporates chemical dependency treatment for offenders with a substance abuse diagnosis. Drug court provides a unique learning experience for pharmacy students.

Methods: Students from Purdue University College of Pharmacy and the University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy participated in drug court and provided written reflections regarding their experiences.

Continuum of Care for Inmates Taking Psychiatric Medications While Incarcerated in Minnesota County Jails.

Mental illness is more prevalent among adult inmates in Minnesota county jails than nationally. All 78 Minnesota county jails were surveyed about their continuum-of-care procedures to help ensure that inmates who have mental illness continue to receive psychiatric medications after release. Of the 28 county jails responding to the survey (36%), most estimated that greater than 40% of their inmates receive medication for mental illness during incarceration.

College of pharmacy-based medication therapy management program for a university system.

Objective: To document and evaluate the design and operation of a medication therapy management (MTM) benefit and associated MTM clinic developed by the University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy as a covered health plan benefit for University of Minnesota, Duluth (UMD) employees, early retirees, and their dependents.

Setting: Office-based, nondispensing pharmacy at UMD.

Practice Description: College of Pharmacy, Duluth faculty developed and provided MTM services as a covered health benefit for UMD beneficiaries.

Patient care services in rural Minnesota community pharmacies.

Objective: To compare the availability of medication therapy management (MTM) services, point-of-care (POC) testing, and disease management resources between rural and urban Minnesota community pharmacies.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Minnesota in 2006.

Implementing after-hours pharmacy coverage for critical access hospitals in northeast Minnesota.

Purpose: A project that used health information technology (IT) to provide after-hours pharmacy coverage to critical access hospitals in northeast Minnesota is described.

Summary: SISU Medical Systems was established to address the health care IT needs of the Wilderness Health Care Coalition hospitals. Administrators and nursing and pharmacy leaders at several Wilderness Coalition hospitals were interested in obtaining after-hours pharmacy services to optimize patient safety.

Pharmacists' and patients' roles in the pharmacist-patient relationship: are pharmacists and patients reading from the same relationship script?

Background: Pharmacists' professional roles have maturated to include provision of information, education, and pharmaceutical care services. These changes have resulted in a focus on collaborative pharmacist-patient professional relationships, in which pharmacists and patients both have roles and responsibilities.

Objective: The study purpose was to investigate pharmacists' and patients' views of selected pharmacist and patient roles in the pharmacist-patient professional relationship, using principles of role theory.

Provision of risk management and risk assessment information: the role of the pharmacist.

Background: There exists a need to conceptualize and understand the roles that pharmacists serve to help convince others such as patients, prescribers, and payers to value their contributions and to plan for the roles they could serve in the future within the health care system.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to (1) describe and track differences in pharmacists' and patients' views about the pharmacist's and physician's role in medication risk management and risk assessment in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004, and (2) describe associations between selected demographic variables and reported opinions about the pharmacist's role using data from 2004.

Methods: Brushwood's Risk Management/Risk Assessment Framework was used as a conceptual guide for developing 2 risk management and 2 risk assessment scenarios.

An interprofessional activity using standardized patients.

Objectives: To describe the development and implementation of an interprofessional activity using standardized patients.

Methods: In the interprofessional standardized patient experience (ISPE), pharmacy students are teamed with medical and nursing students. This team completes an assessment of a standardized patient.

Developing a mobile pharmacist-conducted wellness clinic for rural Montana communities.

Objective: To describe pharmacist-conducted disease screening services in remote communities.

Setting: Frontier, rural, and nonrural counties throughout western Montana.

Practice Description: Using federal telehealth funds, a motor home was converted into a mobile office and equipped with a satellite transmitting/receiving dish to provide wireless Internet access.

Establishing an on-site pharmacy in a community health center to help indigent patients access medications and to improve care.

Objectives: To describe the establishment of an on-site pharmacy in a community health center (CHC) to improve access to medications for indigent patients, the implementation of pharmaceutical care programs and clinical pharmacy services to improve patient care and therapeutic outcomes, and the development of an ambulatory care site for training pharmacy students.

Setting: Partnership Health Center (PHC), a federally funded CHC in Missoula, Mont.

Practice Description: Establishment of an on-site pharmacy and strategies for accessing medications for indigent patients, including participation in the U.