A simple new approach for mapping an ultrasonic tank for sonochemistry.

The most used piece of equipment for sonochemistry is the ultrasonic cleaning bath. However, what is sometimes forgotten by scientists new to sonochemistry is the vital importance of the shape and positioning of any reaction vessel in the bath to obtain the most efficient and reproducible results. In experiments using an ultrasonic bath, a glass vessel (reactor) is inserted into the water contained in the bath.

A new reactor for process intensification involving the simultaneous application of adjustable ultrasound and microwave radiation.

Ultrasound (US) and Microwaves (MW) are effective methods for processes intensification. Their combined use in the same reactor can lead to remarkable results. Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in this field for new synthetic applications using reactors based upon existing technologies.

Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE): A New, Green and Renewable Solvent for the Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato Waste Products.

Currently there is a drive towards the minimisation and reclamation of valuable materials from the waste products of the food and beverage industry. This can be achieved through the extraction of residual nutraceuticals from such materials. Tomato pomace contains carotenoids and other chemicals which can be extracted directly into edible oils to improve the health-giving properties of such oils.

Jean-Louis Luche and the Interpretation of Sonochemical Reaction Mechanisms.

Sonochemistry can be broadly defined as the science of chemical and physical transformations produced under the influence of sound. The use of sound energy is rather a young branch of chemistry and does not have the clear definitive rules of other, more established, divisions such as those in cycloaddition reactions or photochemistry. Nevertheless, there are a few guidelines which can help to predict what is going to happen when a reaction mixture is submitted to ultrasonic irradiation.

Ultrasound assisted preparation of calcium alginate beads to improve absorption of Pb from water.

Calcium alginate (CaAlg) beads were prepared using ultrasound for use in the removal of lead from natural and wastewaters by ion exchange. Ultrasound was applied in a batch mode with an ultrasonic bath or in a flow mode using an ultrasonic clamp-on device. For comparison purposes the synthesis was performed in batch mode in the absence of the ultrasound.

30 Years of sonochemistry links with China.

Most scientists consider that sonochemistry became recognised as a discrete subject in the 1980's - some 40 years ago which coincidentally is when my own interests in the subject began. This review briefly outlines how I first became involved in sonochemistry and then in its development. However its main theme is the way in which my links with China through sonochemistry have developed from their beginnings in 1990.

Ultrasonic stimulation of the brain to enhance the release of dopamine - A potential novel treatment for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the decrease of dopamine (DA) production and release in the substantia nigra and striatum regions of the brain. Transcranial ultrasound has been exploited recently for neuromodulation of the brain in a number of fields. We have stimulated DA release in PC12 cells using low-intensity continuous ultrasound (0.

Can sonochemistry take place in the absence of cavitation? - A complementary view of how ultrasound can interact with materials.

A hypothesis is advanced for a mechanism by which ultrasound could help to activate chemical reactions, even in the absence of cavitation. It is suggested that the compression phase of an acoustic wave could produce transient solid-like structures within the solution. These structures would result in an "ordering effect" of the molecules in which electrical charges could develop.

Cytotoxicity Study of Textile Fabrics Impregnated With CuO Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells.

Copper and copper compounds have multifunctional properties (antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal) with promising applications. Copper in its nanoparticle (Cu NPs) forms has been widely used in various industrial and commercial applications. In the current research, the cytotoxic effects of textile fabrics impregnated with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were studied in mammalian cell lines.

Ultrasound technology for food fermentation applications.

Fermentation processes involve the participation of enzymes and organic catalysts, generated by range of microorganisms to produce chemical transformations. Ultrasound can be used in such processes to either monitor the progress of fermentation or to influence its progress. High frequency ultrasound (>2MHz) has been extensively reported as a tool for the measurement of the changes in chemical composition during fermentation providing real time information on reaction progress.

Effect of sonication frequency on the disruption of algae.

In this study, the efficiency of ultrasonic disruption of Chaetoceros gracilis, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Nannochloropsis sp. was investigated by applying ultrasonic waves of 0.02, 0.

Ultrasound assisted dispersal of a copper nanopowder for electroless copper activation.

This paper describes the ultrasound assisted dispersal of a low wt./vol.% copper nanopowder mixture and determines the optimum conditions for de-agglomeration.

Ultrasonic cleaning: An historical perspective.

The development of ultrasonic cleaning dates from the middle of the 20th century and has become a method of choice for a range of surface cleaning operations. The reasons why this has happened and the methods of assessing the efficiency of ultrasonic cleaning baths are reviewed.

Combined Effect of Ultrasound and Ozone on Bacteria in Water.

The aim of this study is to assess the synergetic effect of combined ultrasound and ozone treatment on the biological disinfection of water on a large-scale application using viable plate counts and flow cytometry. Escherichia coli B bacteria in saline suspension was treated using a commercially available combined ultrasound and ozone system (USO3 (Ultrasonic Systems Gmbh)) for 16 min. Two analytical methods were used to assess the results in terms of live and dead cells in the bulk liquid: standard viable plate counting recorded in terms of colony forming units per milliliter and flow cytometry.

Some neglected or rejected paths in sonochemistry--a very personal view.

Sonochemistry is a very broad subject and nowadays it involves a wide range of disciplines and provides a forum for the cross-fertilization of ideas. In the early days this was not quite the situation and so a number of ideas that came forward were outside of main-line classical thinking in science. These concepts were often rejected out of hand and sometimes even ridiculed.

Effect of ultrasonic frequency and power on the disruption of algal cells.

In this work the effect of ultrasonic waves on suspensions of Chlamydomonas concordia and Dunaliella salina have been investigated at frequencies of 20, 585, 864 and 1146 kHz and at different acoustic powers. Results showed that the reduction in algal numbers was dependent on both frequency and acoustic power. The order of efficiency of the ultrasonic disruption of C.

Sonochemical approaches to enhanced oil recovery.

Oil production from wells reduces with time and the well becomes uneconomic unless enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are applied. There are a number of methods currently available and each has specific advantages and disadvantages depending on conditions. Currently there is a big demand for new or improved technologies in this field, the hope is that these might also be applicable to wells which have already been the subject of EOR.

Sonoelectrocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue using Ti/Ta₂O₅-SnO₂ electrodes.

Sonoelectrochemical decomposition of organic compounds is a developing technique among advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). It has the advantage over sonication alone that it increases the efficiency of the process in terms of a more rapid decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and in total organic carbon (TOC) and accelerates electrochemical oxidation which normally requires a lengthy period of time to achieve significant mineralisation. Moreover the use of an electrocatalytic electrode in the process further accelerates the oxidation reaction rates.

The sonochemical decolourisation of textile azo dye Orange II: effects of Fenton type reagents and UV light.

The removal of Orange II (O-II) from aqueous solution under irradiation at 850 kHz has been studied. The effects of both homogeneous (with FeSO4/H2O2), and heterogeneous (Fe containing ZSM-5 zeolite/H2O2) Fenton type reagents are reported together with the effect of UV irradiation in combination with ultrasound both alone and with homogeneous Fenton-type reagent. Degrees of decolourisation of 6.

Ultrasonically improved galvanochemical technology for the remediation of industrial wastewater.

Two general methodologies adopted for the decontamination of industrial wastewater containing oil and metal ions are flocculation and coagulation. Both methods require the addition of chemicals and in the case of electrocoagulation the additional use of electrical power. Another methodology that was developed in Russia some years ago involves the production of Fe2O3 particles as coagulants by a galvanochemical reaction between iron and coke.

A study of ovarian cancer biomarker amplification using ultrasound for early stage detection.

The application of serum biomarker to ovarian tumors for early stage detection and clinical diagnosis is a rapidly expanding research area. The problem with conventional markers is that they are often released too late or at too low a level to be detected in time to trigger effective treatment. Ultrasound has been used to influence bio-effects in living cells, but there is only one reported case of the use of ultrasound to enhance the release of a biomarker (Carcinoembryonic antigen CEA).

Ultrasonic technology for enhanced oil recovery from failing oil wells and the equipment for its implemention.

A new method for the ultrasonic enhancement of oil recovery from failing wells is described. The technology involves lowering a source of power ultrasound to the bottom of the well either for a short treatment before removal or as a permanent placement for intermittent use. In wells where the permeability is above 20 mD and the porosity is greater than 15% ultrasonic treatment can increase oil production by up to 50% and in some cases even more.

Chitosan and chitosan-ZnO-based complex nanoparticles: formation, characterization, and antibacterial activity.

Nanostructured chitosan (CS) and a chitosan-Zn based (Zn-CS) complex have been synthesized and simultaneously deposited on cotton fabrics using ultrasound. SEM measurements revealed that the coating consists of nanoparticles (NPs) of ca. 40 nm in diameter, homogeneously dispersed along the yarns.