Real-time dissolved carbon dioxide monitoring I: Application of a novel in situ sensor for CO monitoring and control.

Dissolved carbon dioxide (dCO ) is a well-known critical parameter in bioprocesses due to its significant impact on cell metabolism and on product quality attributes. Processes run at small-scale faces many challenges due to limited options for modular sensors for online monitoring and control. Traditional sensors are bulky, costly, and invasive in nature and do not fit in small-scale systems.

Real-time dissolved carbon dioxide monitoring II: Surface aeration intensification for efficient CO removal in shake flasks and mini-bioreactors leads to superior growth and recombinant protein yields.

Mass transfer is known to play a critical role in bioprocess performance and henceforth monitoring dissolved O (DO) and dissolved CO (dCO ) is of paramount importance. At bioreactor level these parameters can be monitored online and can be controlled by sparging air/oxygen or stirrer speed. However, traditional small-scale systems such as shake flasks lack real time monitoring and also employ only surface aeration with additional diffusion limitations imposed by the culture plug.

3D printing PLGA: a quantitative examination of the effects of polymer composition and printing parameters on print resolution.

In the past few decades, 3D printing has played a significant role in fabricating scaffolds with consistent, complex structure that meet patient-specific needs in future clinical applications. Although many studies have contributed to this emerging field of additive manufacturing, which includes material development and computer-aided scaffold design, current quantitative analyses do not correlate material properties, printing parameters, and printing outcomes to a great extent. A model that correlates these properties has tremendous potential to standardize 3D printing for tissue engineering and biomaterial science.

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in E-box motifs ACAT|GTG and ACAC|GTG increases DNA-binding of the B-HLH transcription factor TCF4.

We evaluated DNA binding of the B-HLH family members TCF4 and USF1 using protein binding microarrays (PBMs) containing double-stranded DNA probes with cytosine on both strands or 5-methylcytosine (5mC) or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) on one DNA strand and cytosine on the second strand. TCF4 preferentially bound the E-box motif (CAN|NTG) with strongest binding to the 8-mer CAG|GTGGT. 5mC uniformly decreases DNA binding of both TCF4 and USF1.