Universal Digital Programs for Promoting Mental and Relational Health for Parents of Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Digital parenting programs aim to increase program access, improve psychosocial outcomes for parents and children, and support triage to targeted interventions where required. This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of online parenting programs in improving parenting skills and capabilities, and by consequence, the mental health and well-being of parents and children, and the quality of the parent-child relationship. Studies were included if they were: (1) online, (2) self-delivered, (3) designed for universal general population prevention, (4) evaluated experimental or quasi-experimental designs, and (5) assessed parent and child emotional and/or relational health, from pregnancy to 5 years of age.

Early childhood attachment stability and change: a meta-analysis.

Examining degrees of stability in attachment throughout early childhood is important for understanding developmental pathways and for informing intervention. Updating and building upon all prior meta-analyses, this study aimed to determine levels of stability in all forms of attachment classifications across early childhood. Attachment stability was assessed between three developmental epochs within early childhood: infancy, toddlerhood, and preschool/early school.

Minimizing axon bundle activation of retinal ganglion cells with oriented rectangular electrodes.

Objective: Retinal prostheses aim to restore vision in patients with retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. By implanting an array of microelectrodes, such a device creates percepts in patients through electrical stimulation of surviving retinal neurons. A challenge for retinal prostheses when trying to return high quality vision is the unintended activation of retinal ganglion cells through the stimulation of passing axon bundles, which leads to patients reporting large, elongated patches of light instead of focal spots.

Biophysical basis of the linear electrical receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells.

Unlabelled: Responses of retinal ganglion cells to direct electrical stimulation have been shown experimentally to be well described by linear-nonlinear models. These models rely on the simplifying assumption that retinal ganglion cell responses to stimulation with an array of electrodes are driven by a simple linear weighted sum of stimulus current amplitudes from each electrode, known as the 'electrical receptive field'.

Objective: This paper aims to demonstrate the biophysical basis of the linear-nonlinear model and the electrical receptive field to facilitate the development of improved stimulation strategies for retinal implants.

Minimizing activation of overlying axons with epiretinal stimulation: The role of fiber orientation and electrode configuration.

Unlabelled: Currently, a challenge in electrical stimulation of the retina with a visual prosthesis (bionic eye) is to excite only the cells lying directly under the electrode in the ganglion cell layer, while avoiding excitation of axon bundles that pass over the surface of the retina in the nerve fiber layer. Stimulation of overlying axons results in irregular visual percepts, limiting perceptual efficacy. This research explores how differences in fiber orientation between the nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer leads to differences in the electrical activation of the axon initial segment and axons of passage.

A computational model of orientation-dependent activation of retinal ganglion cells.

Currently, a challenge in electrical stimulation for epiretinal prostheses is the avoidance of stimulation of axons of passage in the nerve fiber layer that originate from distant regions of the ganglion cell layer. A computational model of extracellular stimulation that captures the effect of neurite orientation in anisotropic tissue is developed using a modified version of the standard volume conductor model, known as the cellular composite model, embedded in a four layer model of the retina. Simulations are conducted to investigate the interaction of neural tissue orientation, electrode placement, and stimulation pulse duration and amplitude.