Effect of Holstein genotype on immune response to an intramammary Escherichia coli challenge.

Selective breeding of US dairy cows since the mid-1960s has contributed to remarkable gains in milk yield per cow. This increased milk yield has been associated with an increase in health issues. Since 1964, the University of Minnesota has selectively bred a Holstein herd to maintain genetically static, unselected Holsteins (UH).

Bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides have bactericidal effects against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is complex, but little is known about the role that natural killer (NK) cells play. In the present study, four bovine NK-lysin peptides were synthesized to evaluate their bactericidal activity against MAP. The results demonstrated that bNK-lysin peptides were directly bactericidal against MAP, with bNK1 and bNK2A being more potent than bNK2B and bNK2C.

Case report: characterization of a persistent, treatment-resistant, novel Staphylococcus aureus infection causing chronic mastitis in a Holstein dairy cow.

Background: Mastitis is the most common health concern plaguing the modern dairy cow and costs dairy producers estimates of two billion dollars annually. Staphylococcus aureus infections are prevalent, displaying varied disease presentation and markedly low cure rates. Neutrophils are considered the first line of defense against mastitis causing bacteria and are frequently targeted in the development of treatment and prevention technologies.

Dataset of bovine mammary gland dry secretion proteome from the end of lactation through day 21 of the dry period.

This dataset is a label-free quantitation of proteins milk and dry secretions from the end of lactation through day 21 of the dry period using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The data supplied in this article supports the accompanying publication entitled "Characterization of bovine mammary gland dry secretions and their proteome from the end of lactation through day 21 of the dry period" [1]. The Thermo mass spectrometry raw files and MaxQuant files have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset number PXD017837.

Characterization of bovine mammary gland dry secretions and their proteome from the end of lactation through day 21 of the dry period.

The dry period in dairy cows is critical to mammary health. We used label-free mass spectroscopy to quantify whey proteins from milk/dry secretions collected on days 0, 3,10, and 21 of the dry period. The number of proteins identified was 776.

Genome Sequence of a Staphylococcus aureus Strain Isolated from a Dairy Cow That Was Nonresponsive to Antibiotic Treatment.

can cause mastitis in dairy cattle. We report the genome sequence of a strain isolated from a dairy cow with a chronic case of mastitis. The infection with this strain of was not cleared from the animal with antibiotic treatment.

Lactation stage impacts the glycolytic function of bovine CD4 T cells during ex vivo activation.

Dairy cattle undergo dynamic physiological changes over the course of a full lactation into the dry period, which impacts their immunocompetence. During activation, T cells undergo a characteristic rewiring to increase the uptake of glucose and metabolically reprogram to favor aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. To date it remains to be completely elucidated how the altered energetic demands associated with lactation in dairy cows impacts T cell metabolic reprogramming.

MicroRNA profiles of dry secretions through the first three weeks of the dry period from Holstein cows.

In dairy cows, the period from the end of lactation through the dry period and into the transition period, requires vast physiological and immunological changes critical to mammary health. The dry period is important to the success of the next lactation and intramammary infections during the dry period will adversely alter mammary function, health and milk production for the subsequent lactation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can post transcriptionally regulate gene expression.

Synthetic bovine NK-lysin-derived peptide (bNK2A) does not require intra-chain disulfide bonds for bactericidal activity.

Bovine NK-lysins are cationic antimicrobial proteins found predominantly in the cytosolic granules of T lymphocytes and NK-cells. NK-lysin-derived peptides show antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Mature NK-lysin protein has six well-conserved cysteine residues.

Avian Intestinal Mucus Modulates Gene Expression in a Host-Specific Manner.

is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in humans worldwide. However, naturally colonizes poultry without causing pathology where it resides deep within mucus of the cecal crypts. Mucus may modulate the pathogenicity of in a species-specific manner, where it is pathogenic in humans and asymptomatic in poultry.

Milk biosynthesis requires the Golgi cation exchanger TMEM165.

Milk is a hallmark of mammals that is critical for normal growth and development of offspring. During biosynthesis of lactose in the Golgi complex, H is produced as a by-product, and there is no known mechanism for maintaining luminal pH within the physiological range. Here, using conditional, tissue-specific knockout mice, immunostaining, and biochemical assays, we test whether the putative H/Ca/Mn exchanger known as TMEM165 (transmembrane protein 165) participates in normal milk production.

Membrane and Cytoplasmic Proteins of subspecies that Bind to Novel Monoclonal Antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies against subspecies proteins are important tools in Johne's disease research and diagnostics. Johne's disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease of cattle, sheep, and other ruminant animals. We have previously generated multiple sets of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in different studies; however, because many were generated and screened against a whole-cell extract of , the antigens that bind to these antibodies remained unknown.

Antimicrobial activity of bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides on Mycoplasma bovis.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of molecules which play an important role in the innate immune response. Bovine NK-lysins, a type of AMP, have been predominantly found in the granules of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and NK-cells. Bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides demonstrate antimicrobial activity against various bacterial pathogens, including several involved in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in cattle; however, such studies are yet to be performed with one important contributor to the BRDC, Mycoplasma bovis.

Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Escherichia coli Strains Associated with Persistent and Transient Bovine Mastitis and the Role of Colanic Acid.

is a leading cause of bacterial mastitis in dairy cattle. It is most often transient in nature, causing an infection that lasts 2 to 3 days. However, has been shown to cause a persistent infection in a minority of cases.

Genome Sequences of Strains That Cause Persistent and Transient Mastitis.

We report here the genome sequences of two strains of (ECA-B and ECC-M) that cause bovine mastitis. These strains are known to be associated with persistent and transient mastitis; strain ECA-B causes a transient infection, and ECC-M leads to a persistent infection.

Differential Gene Expression of Three Mastitis-Causing Strains Grown under Planktonic, Swimming, and Swarming Culture Conditions.

Bacterial motility is thought to play an important role in virulence. We have previously shown that proficient bacterial swimming and swarming is correlated with the persistent intramammary infection phenotype observed in cattle. However, little is known about the gene regulation differences important for different motility phenotypes in .

Vitamin D status of dairy cattle: Outcomes of current practices in the dairy industry.

The need for vitamin D supplementation of dairy cattle has been known for the better part of the last century and is well appreciated by dairy producers and nutritionists. Whether current recommendations and practices for supplemental vitamin D are meeting the needs of dairy cattle, however, is not well known. The vitamin D status of animals is reliably indicated by the concentration of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] metabolite in serum or plasma, with a concentration of 30ng/mL proposed as a lower threshold for sufficiency.

Composition and Potency Characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Purified Protein Derivatives.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) purified protein derivatives (PPDs) are immunologic reagents prepared from cultured filtrates of the type strain. Traditional production consists of floating culture incubation at 37°C, organism inactivation by autoclaving, coarse filtration, and protein precipitation.

Tumoral Vitamin D Synthesis by CYP27B1 1-α-Hydroxylase Delays Mammary Tumor Progression in the PyMT-MMTV Mouse Model and Its Action Involves NF-κB Modulation.

Biologically active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25(OH)2D) is synthetized from inactive prohormone 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) by the enzyme CYP27B1 1-α-hydroxylase in kidney and several extrarenal tissues including breast. Although the development of breast cancer has been linked to inadequate vitamin D status, the importance of bioactive vitamin D production within tumors themselves is not fully understood. To investigate the role of tumoral vitamin D production in mammary epithelial cell progression to breast cancer, we conducted a Cre-loxP-mediated Cyp27b1 gene ablation in the mammary epithelium of the polyoma middle T antigen-mouse mammary tumor virus (PyMT-MMTV) mouse breast cancer model.

Parainfluenza Virus 3 Blocks Antiviral Mediators Downstream of the Interferon Lambda Receptor by Modulating Stat1 Phosphorylation.

Unlabelled: Parainfluenza viruses are known to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) production; however, there is a lack of information regarding the type III IFN response during infection. Type III IFNs signal through a unique heterodimeric receptor, IFN-λR1/interleukin-10R2 (IL-10R2), which is primarily expressed by epithelial cells. Parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3) infection is highly restricted to the airway epithelium.

MicroRNA expression profiles of bovine milk exosomes in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Background: Milk exosomes are a rich source of microRNAs (miRNAs) that are protected from degradation. Ingestion of milk and subsequent absorption of miRNAs into recipient cells by endocytosis may play a role in the regulation of neonatal innate and adaptive immunity. In contrast, the miRNA content of milk exosomes may also be indicative of a lactating animal's health; whereby, the presence or absence of specific miRNAs could serve as biomarkers for early detection of bacterial infection that can lead to mastitis.

ZAP-70, CTLA-4 and proximal T cell receptor signaling in cows infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminant animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). A hallmark of paratuberculosis is a transition from a cell-mediated Th1 type response to a humoral Th2 response with the progression of disease from a subclinical to clinical state.

Envelope protein complexes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and their antigenicity.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic enteric disease of ruminant animals. In the present study, blue native PAGE electrophoresis and 2D SDS-PAGE were used to separate MAP envelope protein complexes, followed by mass spectrometry (MS) to identify individual proteins within the complexes.

Chemoprevention activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model of breast cancer.

Development of oncologic conditions is often accompanied by inadequate vitamin D status. The chemoprevention ability of this molecule is of high interest for breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Because current effective vitamin D analogues, including the naturally occurring active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D), frequently cause hypercalcemia at pharmacologic doses, the development of safer molecules for clinical chemopreventive use is essential.

Proteomic analysis reveals protein expression differences in Escherichia coli strains associated with persistent versus transient mastitis.

Unlabelled: Escherichia coli is a leading cause of bacterial mastitis in dairy cattle. Typically this infection is transient in nature, causing an infection that lasts 2-3days. However, in a minority of cases, E.