Autoregulated splicing of β programs T cell fate in response to antigen-receptor stimulation.

T cell receptor (TCR) sensitivity to peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) dictates T cell fate. Canonical models of TCR sensitivity cannot be fully explained by transcriptional regulation. In this work, we identify a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism of TCR sensitivity that guides alternative splicing of TCR signaling transcripts through an evolutionarily ultraconserved poison exon (PE) in the RNA-binding protein (RBP) TRA2β in mouse and human.

IRAK4 is an immunological checkpoint in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.

The search for dementia treatments, including treatments for neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE), has not yet uncovered useful therapeutic targets that mitigate underlying inflammation. Currently, NPSLE's limited treatment options are often accompanied by severe toxicity. Blocking toll-like receptor (TLR) and IL-1 receptor signal transduction by inhibiting interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) offers a new pathway for intervention.

Antigen-specific downregulation of miR-150 in CD4 T cells promotes cell survival.

MicroRNA-150 (miR-150) has been shown to play a general role in the immune system, but very little is known about its role on CD4 T cell responses. During T cell responses against superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A, miR-150 expression was down-regulated in antigen-specific CD4 T cells but up-regulated in CD8 T cells. CD4 and CD8 T cell clonal expansion was greater in miR-150-KO mice than in WT mice, but miR-150 selectively repressed IL-2 production in CD4 T cells.

Optimal CD8 T cell effector function requires costimulation-induced RNA-binding proteins that reprogram the transcript isoform landscape.

Boosting T cell activation through costimulation directs defense against cancer and viral infections. Despite multiple studies targeting costimulation in clinical trials, the increased potency and reprogramming of T cells endowed by costimulation is poorly understood. Canonical dogma states that transcription mediates T cell activation.

Nicotinamide breaks effector CD8 T cell responses by targeting mTOR signaling.

Nicotinamide (NAM) shapes T cell responses but its precise molecular mechanism of action remains elusive. Here, we show that NAM impairs naive T cell effector transition but also effector T cells themselves. Although aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of activated T cells, CD8 T cells exposed to NAM displayed enhanced glycolysis, yet producing significantly less IFNγ.

Mammalian Polycistronic mRNAs and Disease.

Our understanding of gene expression has come far since the 'one-gene one-polypeptide' hypothesis proposed by Beadle and Tatum. In this review, we address the gradual recognition that a growing number of polycistronic genes, originally discovered in viruses, are being identified within the mammalian genome, and that these may provide new insights into disease mechanisms and treatment. We carried out a systematic literature review identifying 13 mammalian genes for which there is evidence for polycistronic expression via translation through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES).