[Legal, clinical and structural aspects of modern intensive care for children and adolescents with mental disorders].

Recent years have seen a continuous rise in the proportion of emergency contacts across all mental health-related care structures for children and adolescents. Treatment in a protective intensive care unit constitutes an essential element of care and primarily serves the immediate protection of children and adolescents during mental health crises. Protective intensive care is subject to strict legal requirements.

[The Pharmacological Management of Emergencies in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry].

The Pharmacological Management of Emergencies in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Emergencies in child and adolescent psychiatry are highly prevalent and often pose significant challenges to physicians, since substantial danger to the patient or others must be avoided through the application of largely moderate interventions. Besides using de-escalating strategies and exploiting psychotherapeutic options, the physician frequently employs psychopharmacological interventions. because of a lack of systematically assessed data, however, in emergencies in child and adolescent psychiatry most administrations of psychotropic drugs occur "off label.

Third-wave interventions for eating disorders in adolescence - systematic review with meta-analysis.

Context: Third-wave therapies have demonstrated efficacy as a treatment option for EDs in adulthood. Data on the suitability for EDs in adolescence are lacking.

Objective: To estimate the efficacy of third-wave interventions to reduce ED symptoms in adolescents in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and uncontrolled studies.

Neural Correlates of Empathy in Boys With Early Onset Conduct Disorder.

A deficit in empathy has repeatedly been described in individuals with conduct disorder (CD), and in particular in those with callous unemotional traits. Until now, little is known about the neural basis of empathy in children and adolescents with early onset conduct disorder. The aim of this study was to examine neural responses during empathizing in children and adolescents with CD with a task that allowed to differentiate between the judgment of the emotional states of other people and the own emotional response to other people's emotional state.

Does helping mothers in multigenerational ADHD also help children in the long run? 2-year follow-up from baseline of the AIMAC randomized controlled multicentre trial.

ADHD often affects multiple generations in a family. Previous studies suggested that children with ADHD benefit less from therapy if parents are also affected, since ADHD symptoms interfere with treatment implementation. This two-group randomised controlled trial examined whether targeting maternal ADHD boosts the efficacy of parent-child training (PCT) for the child's ADHD.

Mean Heart Rate and Parameters of Heart Rate Variability in Depressive Children and the Effects of Antidepressant Medication.

Researchers have repeatedly discovered an association between depression and autonomic cardiac dysregulation in adults. However, corresponding data concerning minors are still rare. For this exploratory, cross-sectional study, we included = 43 minors (age range 9-17 years).

[Polypharmacy of psychotropic drugs in child and adolescent psychiatry in Germany - rather the rule than the exception].

Polypharmacy of psychotropic drugs in child and adolescent psychiatry in Germany - rather the rule than the exception Polypharmacy increases the risk of interactions and enhances the chance of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Hence, child and adolescent psychiatrists generally try to avoid polypharmacy with psychotropic drugs. However, only little data regarding the frequency of polypharmacy in child and adolescent psychiatry are available.

A multicentre randomized controlled trial on trans-generational attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in mothers and children (AIMAC): an exploratory analysis of predictors and moderators of treatment outcome.

Objective: We examined predictors and moderators of treatment outcome in mothers and children diagnosed with ADHD in a large multicentre RCT.

Method: In total, 144 mother-child dyads with ADHD were randomly assigned to either a maternal ADHD treatment (group psychotherapy and open methylphenidate medication, TG) or to a control treatment (individual counselling without psycho- or pharmacotherapy, CG). After maternal ADHD treatment, parent-child training (PCT) for all mother-child dyads was added.

[Anorexia nervosa in males].

Anorexia nervosa in males Abstract. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a rare disorder in boys and men with limited data and studies available. The recent update of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) will in all likelihood lead to an increase in the prevalence of AN in boys and men.

Does the efficacy of parent-child training depend on maternal symptom improvement? Results from a randomized controlled trial on children and mothers both affected by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Multimodal treatment of children with ADHD often includes parent-child training (PCT). However, due to the high heritability, parents of children with ADHD are frequently also affected by the disorder, which is likely to constitute a significant barrier to successful treatment of the child. This secondary analysis of our randomized controlled multicentre AIMAC trial (ADHD in mothers and children) investigates whether children's outcomes following parent-child training in combination with maternal ADHD treatment depend on maternal symptom improvement.

Emetophobia - A Metacognitive Therapeutic Approach for an Overlooked Disorder.

Objective: Emetophobia is the specific fear of vomiting that usually commences during childhood and adolescence. Cognitive behavioral therapy aims to expose patients to vomiting. In this paper, a newly developed metacognitive concept and treatment approach to this disorder is illustrated within a small case series.

[Attention and reading performance in children with ADHD, reading disorder and the combined condition].

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Dyslexia co-occur more often than expected by chance. Both disorders can have severe negative impact on children’s development. The aim of the present study was to compare attention and reading performance in children with ADHD, dyslexia and the comorbid condition.

[New developments in the psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment of pediatric obsessivecompulsive disorder].

Den Goldstandard in der Behandlung von Zwangsstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter stellen die kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie sowie die Medikation mit selektiven Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmern dar. In den letzten Jahren wurden vermehrt auch alternative psychotherapeutische und v. a.

[Hometreatment- an effective alternative to inpatient treatment in child and adolescent psychiatry?].

In many countries hometreatment (HT) offers a cost-effective alternative to hospitalization for children and adolescents with mental health problems requiring intensive mental healthcare. However, the database on HT varies as HT may refer to different models and settings of intensive outpatient treatment. In Germany HT is not used routinely in mental healthcare in child and adolescent psychiatry, therefore the data on HT in Germany, especially in child and adolescent psychiatry, are scarce although funding for studies investigating the effectiveness of HT is available.

Long-term symptoms and posttraumatic growth in traumatised adolescents: findings from a specialised outpatient clinic.

Although traumatic experiences are associated with an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, little is known regarding the long-term outcomes of traumatised adolescents. In the current study, 42 traumatised adolescents who had been referred to a specialised health service were reassessed 2 to 5 years after the traumatic event. The course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric symptoms, the development of posttraumatic growth (PTG), and parental PTSD were analysed.

Trio study and meta-analysis support the association of genetic variation at the serotonin transporter with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Despite compelling evidence for major genetic contributions to the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), few genetic variants have been consistently associated with this debilitating illness. Molecular genetic studies in children and adolescents with OCD are of particular interest, since early onset of the disease has been observed to be associated with increased familiality. We replicate here for the first time in early-onset OCD patients, a previously reported association of OCD with the common gain-of-function LA allele at the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region known as 5-HTTLPR in a collection of parent-offspring trios.

[Female conduct disorders].

The last few years have seen much research on girls with conduct disorder (CD). This article summarizes the gender-specific data regarding prevalence, differences with respect to symptomatology (e.g.

Reduced cortisol in boys with early-onset conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits.

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests an association between altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity and the development of persistent antisocial behavior in children. However the effects of altered cortisol levels remain poorly understood in the complex context of conduct disorder, callous-unemotional (CU) personality traits, and frequent comorbidities, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of the current study was to investigate associations among CU traits, antisocial behavior, and comorbid ADHD symptomatology with cortisol levels in male children and adolescents.

Who wants to become a child psychiatrist? Lessons for future recruitment strategies from a student survey at seven German medical schools.

Objective: The objective of this survey was to investigate undergraduate German medical students' attitudes toward child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) and to describe the characteristics of students considering CAP as a possible career choice.

Methods: The authors conducted a cross-sectional, multicenter survey of medical students (at the time of their first CAP lecture) at seven German medical schools. The students completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire, asking about their attitude toward CAP and their view of CAP as a possible career choice.

Effects of the DRD4 genotype on neural networks associated with executive functions in children and adolescents.

Genetic variants within the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) are among the strongest and most consistently replicated molecular genetic findings in attentional functioning as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Functionally, the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4-48 base pair repeat gene leads to a sub-sensitive postsynaptic D4 receptor, which is expressed at a particularly high density in the frontal lobes. We used fMRI to investigate the influence of the 7-repeat allele on BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependency) responses in 26 healthy children and adolescents while they performed a combined stimulus-response Incompatibility Task (IC) and a Time Discrimination Task (TT).

[What do medical students expect of lectures in child and adolescent psychiatry?].

Objective: In child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) lectures are the most common teaching format for medical students. Besides conveying basic knowledge and skills related to the medical management of children and adolescents with mental health problems, lectures also play a decisive role in the recruitment of future residents for this discipline. Thus, knowledge of the expectations of medical students of lectures is a crucial factor.

[Psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder].

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacological treatments are often applied in cases of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Especially in combination both methods are particularly efficacious; nonetheless, 40 % of all patients treated remain symptomatic. Exposure with response prevention, based on the principle of habituation, is the intervention with the best evidence.

Comorbidity of conduct disorder symptoms and internalising problems in children: investigating a community and a clinical sample.

Previous studies have demonstrated that many children with conduct problems (CP) also show internalising psychopathology (IP). However, it remains unclear whether the presence of IP serves as a protective or risk factor for the severity and development of CP. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and associations of comorbid IP in children with CP in a community and a clinical sample.