The Relationship between Moral Climate of Sports and the Moral Behavior of Young Athletes: A Multilevel Meta-analysis.

Sports are among the most important leisure activities for youth and adolescents. Both positive (i.e.

Molecular friction as a tool to identify functionalized alkanethiols.

By using the nanografting method, well-defined nanoscale patches of alkanethiols were constructed in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) matrix on an atomically flat gold (Au(111)) surface. A series of nanografted patches, composed of alkanethiols with different end groups (-CH(3), -CF(3), -OH, -SH, -COOH, and -NH(2)), were analyzed in detail by a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) height and quantitative lateral friction measurements. By constructing a series of nanografted patches of methyl-terminated thiols with various chain lengths, it was shown that the absolute friction of the nanografted patches was always smaller than that of the surrounding SAM matrix, demonstrating that, because of the spatially confined self-assembly during nanografting, SAMs show less defects.