A phenomenological and quantitative view on the degradation of positive electrodes from spent lithium-ion batteries in humid atmosphere.

The present study deals with the phenomenological observation of the corrosion of the positive electrode foil of lithium-ion batteries containing LiNiCoMnO (NMC) as cathode material. Due to the presence of moisture, localized water accumulation is formed on the NMC surface. The water absorbed by the electrolyte reacts with the NMC under Li/H exchange and the resulting pH increase leads to dissolution of the carrier foil and characteristic salt-like blooms on the NMC surface.

Studies on the deposition of copper in lithium-ion batteries during the deep discharge process.

End-of-life lithium-ion batteries represent an important secondary raw material source for nickel, cobalt, manganese and lithium compounds in order to obtain starting materials for the production of new cathode material. Each process step in recycling must be performed in such a way contamination products on the cathode material are avoided or reduced. This paper is dedicated to the first step of each recycling process, the deep discharge of lithium-ion batteries, as a prerequisite for the safe opening and disassembling.

Recovery of Li(NiMnCo)O₂ from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Aspects of Degradation.

Nickel⁻manganese⁻cobalt oxides, with LiNiMnCoO₂ (NMC) as the most prominent compound, are state-of-the-art cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The growing market for electro mobility has led to a growing global demand for Li, Co, Ni, and Mn, making spent lithium-ion batteries a valuable secondary resource. Going forward, energy- and resource-inefficient pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling strategies must be avoided.