Microbial Contamination in Water Systems.

The microbiological impurities are the most critical ones in a water system and are thus of special concern. In case of contamination of a purification unit or a distribution system, the user must react quickly. The authors have written down their experience and explain details about the typical microbiome of a water system.

Assessment of airborne endotoxin in sandstorm dust and indoor environments using a novel passive sampling device in Al Zulfi city, Saudi Arabia - Establishing threshold exposure levels.

The impact of sandstorm dust events affects local air quality and public health. These issues are becoming of greater concern in Saudi Arabia. There is a significant lack of research on airborne endotoxin exposure and analysis in the Middle East countries and no coherent body of research exists focusing on sandstorm dust in worldwide.

Virulence profiles of some Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates and their association with the suppression of Candida growth in polymicrobial infections.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a variety of diseases especially in the hospital environment. However, this pathogen also exhibits antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. This study aimed to characterize different virulence factors, secreted metabolites and to study their role in the suppression of Candida growth.

Antimicrobial Activity of Silver-Treated Bacteria against other Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens in Their Environment.

Silver is a potent antimicrobial agent against a variety of microorganisms and once the element has entered the bacterial cell, it accumulates as silver nanoparticles with large surface area causing cell death. At the same time, the bacterial cell becomes a reservoir for silver. This study aims to test the microcidal effect of silver-killed O104: H4 and its supernatant against fresh viable cells of the same bacterium and some other species, including O157: H7, Multidrug Resistant (MDR) and Methicillin Resistant (MRSA).

A novel mechanism of action of ketoconazole: inhibition of the efflux pump system and biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant .

The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-positive organisms, especially staphylococci, has become a serious clinical challenge. Efflux machinery and biofilm formation are considered two of the main causes of antimicrobial resistance and therapy failure. Our study aims to evaluate the antibiofilm and efflux pump inhibitory activity of the antifungal ketoconazole against multidrug-resistant (MDR) .

Distribution of biocide resistant genes and biocides susceptibility in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii - A first report from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Purposes: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of biocide resistant genes, qacA, qacE and cepA in multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii and to correlate the presence or absence of resistant genes with biocides susceptibility.

Materials And Methods: The study included 44 MDR K. pneumoniae, P.

Microbiological Test Data-Assuring Data Integrity.

Marketed drugs and devices possess specifications including critical microbiological quality attributes purposed to assure efficacy and patient safety. These attributes are legislated requirements intended to protect the recipient patient. Sampling, microbiological testing, interpretation of data for final products, raw materials, and intermediates all contribute to a cohesive assessment in the assurance of finished product quality.

Examination of the order of incubation for the recovery of bacteria and fungi from pharmaceutical-grade cleanrooms.

A study was undertaken to compare microbial recoveries from pharmaceutical-grade cleanrooms using two different incubation regimes and a general-purpose agar (Tryptone Soy Agar). One temperature regime (A) incubated plates first at 30 degrees C to 35 degrees C, followed by 20 degrees C to 25 degrees C; the second temperature regime (B) began the incubation with plates at 20 degrees C to 25 degrees C, followed by 30 degrees C to 35 degrees C. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that there was no significant difference with the total microbial count when measured using a t-test (0.

Comparison of different fungal agar for the environmental monitoring of pharmaceutical-grade cleanrooms.

Unlabelled: In relation to a growth in reported incidents of fungal contamination of pharmaceutical products, there has been a developing interest by U.S. and U.

Application of quality risk management to set viable environmental monitoring frequencies in biotechnology processing and support areas.

Unlabelled: Environmental monitoring programs are essential for pharmaceutical facilities in order to assess the level of environmental control. For biotechnology facilities there is little advice as to the frequency at which viable environmental monitoring should be conducted. This paper outlines an approach, based on the principles of quality risk management, for the development of a framework from which monitoring frequencies can be determined.

In vitro Antifungal Efficacy of Biguanides and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds against Cleanroom Fungal Isolates.

Unlabelled: In vitro antifungal activities of three biocides including one biguanide (chlorhexidine) and two quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride and cetrimide) were studied against eight cleanroom fungal isolates by using a microbiological broth dilution technique as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A guidelines. No data exists on the activity of biocides on pharmaceutical cleanroom fungal isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for all three biocides against species of Aspergillus and Penicillium species ranged between 4 and 16 μg/mL.

A review of cleanroom microflora: types, trends, and patterns.

Unlabelled: Cleanroom microflora are of importance for microbiologists and quality control personnel in order to assess changes in trends. Shifts in the types of microflora may indicate deviations from the "norm" such as resistant strains or problems with cleaning practices. Given the few published studies of the typical microflora, this paper uniquely reviews over 9000 microbial isolates from a range of different grades of cleanroom.

An approach for the reporting of microbiological results from water systems.

Many statistical textbooks lend themselves readily to the analysis of physical and chemical data. This is due to the material gathered from such analyses, following, in most cases, normal distribution. Normally distributed data can be examined over time to allow the obtained profile to be studied for variation.