Continuous Thermoregulatory Responses to a Mass-Participation 89-km Ultramarathon Road Race.

Purpose: To continuously measure body core temperature (Tc) throughout a mass-participation ultramarathon in subelite recreational runners to quantify Tc magnitude and the influence of aerobic fitness and body fat.

Methods: Twenty-three participants (19 men and 4 women; age 45 [9] y; body mass 72.0 [9.

Distinguishing online academic bullying: identifying new forms of harassment in a dissenting Emeritus Professor's case.

The shift of academic discourse to an online space without guardians gives motivated academic cyberbullies an opportunity to harass susceptible recipients. Cyberbullying by higher education employees is a neglected phenomenon; despite the dangers it poses to academic free speech as well as other negative outcomes. In the absence of an adequate definition for Online Academic Bullying (OAB) as a surfacing threat, its' targets cannot readily gauge its severity or confidently report that they are victims.

Relationships between Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness with Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents.

This study examined the independent relationships between cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness with cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Subjects were 192 adolescents (118 boys), aged 15-17.5 years.

Effect of crystallinity on electrostatic charging in dry powder inhaler formulations.

Purpose: This study aimed to characterize inherent charge generated by micron-sized drug-only formulations of amorphous and crystalline salbutamol sulfate (SS).

Methods: Amorphous SS was produced by spray-drying whilst crystalline SS was produced by conditioning spray-dried SS with supercritical CO2 and menthol. Electrostatic charge of the powders was characterized in two ways.

Evidence of increased electro-mechanical delay in the left and right ventricle after prolonged exercise.

We assessed the time delay from the onset of QRS (Q) to peak systolic (S') and diastolic (E') tissue velocities in the left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) before and after prolonged exercise. Nineteen well-trained runners (mean +/- SD age, 41 +/- 9 years) had tissue-Doppler echocardiography performed before and after an 89 km ultra-marathon race. Longitudinal tissue motion was analysed in LV basal and mid-wall segments and RV free wall.

Jim Peters' collapse in the 1954 Vancouver Empire Games marathon.

On 7 August 1954, the world 42 km marathon record holder, Jim Peters, collapsed repeatedly during the final 385 metres of the British Empire and Commonwealth Games marathon held in Vancouver, Canada. It has been assumed that Peters collapsed from heatstroke because he ran too fast and did not drink during the race, which was held in windless, cloudless conditions with a dry-bulb temperature of 28 degrees C. Hospital records made available to us indicate that Peters might not have suffered from exertional heatstroke, which classically produces a rectal temperature > 42 degrees C, cerebral effects and, usually, a fatal outcome without vigorous active cooling.

Meeting the global demand of sports safety: the intersection of science and policy in sports safety.

Sports and physical activity are transforming, and being transformed by, the societies in which they are practised. From the perspectives of both competitive and non-competitive sports, the complexity of their integration into today's society has led to neither sports federations nor governments being able to manage the safety problem alone. In other words, these agencies, whilst promoting sport and physical activity, deliver policy and practices in an uncoordinated way that largely ignores the need for a concurrent overall policy for sports safety.

Left ventricular wall segment motion after ultra-endurance exercise in humans assessed by myocardial speckle tracking.

Aims: Assessment of the left ventricular responses to prolonged exercise has been limited by technology available to assess cardiac tissue movement. Recently developed strain and strain rate imaging provide the unique opportunity to assess tissue deformation in all planes of motion.

Methods And Results: Nineteen runners (mean+/-SD age; 41+/-9 years) were assessed prior to and within 60 min (34+/-10 min) of race finish (Comrades Marathon, 89 km).

The effect of antecedent fatiguing activity on the relationship between perceived exertion and physiological activity during a constant load exercise task.

This study assessed the relationship between the rate of change of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), physiological activity, and time to volitional exhaustion. After completing a graded exercise test, 10 participants cycled at a constant load equating to 75% of peak oxygen uptake (V O(2)peak) to exhaustion. Participants performed two further constant load exercise tests at 75%V O(2)peak in a fresh state condition within the next 7 days.

Fluid replacement during marathon running.

During endurance exercise, about 75% of the energy produced from metabolism is in the form of heat, which cannot accumulate. The remaining 25% of energy available can be used for movement. As running pace increases, the rate of heat production increases.

Hyponatremia in distance runners: fluid and sodium balance during exercise.

Since its first description in 1985, two opposing theories have evolved to explain the etiology of symptomatic hyponatremia of exercise. The first holds that the condition occurs only in athletes who lose both water and sodium during exercise, and fail to fully replace their sodium losses. The second theory holds that the symptomatic form of this condition occurs in athletes who generate a whole body fluid overload as a result of an excessive fluid intake during prolonged exercise.

The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue.

In this review, fatigue is described as a conscious sensation rather than a physiological occurrence. We suggest that the sensation of fatigue is the conscious awareness of changes in subconscious homeostatic control systems, and is derived from a temporal difference between subconscious representations of these homeostatic control systems in neural networks that are induced by changes in the level of activity. These mismatches are perceived by consciousness-producing structures in the brain as the sensation of fatigue.