Multiple Contrast Tests in the Presence of Partial Heteroskedasticity.

This paper proposes a general approach for handling multiple contrast tests for normally distributed data in the presence of partial heteroskedasticity. In contrast to the usual case of complete heteroskedasticity, the treatments belong to subgroups according to their variances. Treatments within these subgroups are homoskedastic, whereas treatments of different subgroups are heteroskedastic.

Reduction of deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and associated species during commercial and laboratory de-hulling of milling oats.

Oats ( L.) are well known for their nutritional properties but are susceptible to the growth of different fungi resulting in mycotoxin contamination of harvested oats. In this study, oat samples from harvest years 2011 to 2017 were preselected for their suitability as milling oats for food purposes with DON contents below 1750 µg/kg.

Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars.

Forage maize is often infected by mycotoxin-producing fungi during plant growth, which represent a serious health risk to exposed animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are among the most important mycotoxins, but little is known about the occurrence of their modified forms in forage maize. To assess the mycotoxin contamination in Northern Germany, 120 natural contaminated forage maize samples of four cultivars from several locations were analysed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for DON and ZEN and their modified forms deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G), the sum of 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3+15-AcDON), α- and β-zearalenol (α-ZEL, β-ZEL).

Composition and Predominance of Species Causing Head Blight in Winter Wheat Grain Depending on Cultivar Susceptibility and Meteorological Factors.

head blight (FHB) is one of the most important diseases of wheat, causing yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of harvested grain. A complex of different toxigenic species is responsible for FHB and the composition and predominance of species within the FHB complex are determined by meteorological and agronomic factors. In this study, grain of three different susceptible winter wheat cultivars from seven locations in northern Germany were analysed within a five-year survey from 2013 to 2017 by quantifying DNA amounts of different species within the community as well as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) concentrations.

Effect of ensiling duration on the fate of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and their derivatives in maize silage.

Fusarium mycotoxins and their derivatives are frequently detected in freshly harvested forage maize. This study assessed the time course effects during ensiling of forage maize on the fate of Fusarium mycotoxins, using laboratory-scale silos and artificially contaminated raw material. A multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method was used to determine the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and their derivatives DON-3-glucoside, 3-acetyl-DON, 15-acetyl-DON, deepoxy-DON, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol.

Evaluation of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins in Complex Feed Matrices.

The selective and sensitive analysis of mycotoxins in highly complex feed matrices is a great challenge. In this study, the suitability of Orbitrap-based high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for routine mycotoxin analysis in complex feeds was demonstrated by the successful validation of a full MS/data-dependent MS/MS acquisition method for the quantitative determination of eight mycotoxins in forage maize and maize silage according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The required resolving power for accurate mass assignments (<5 ppm) was determined as 35,000 full width at half maximum (FWHM) and 70,000 FWHM for forage maize and maize silage, respectively.