Typing of normal and variant red cells with ABO, Rh, and Kell typing reagents using a gel typing system.

In 1989 Lapierre et al. described a novel method of detecting agglutination reactions by the use of a Sephadex (DiaMed ID Typing System) gel held in a microtube. This report examines the use of gels containing ABO, Rh, and Kell system specific antibodies.

Comparison of the reactions of the Rh-related murine monoclonal antibodies BS58 and R6A.

The murine monoclonal antibodies BS58 and R6A are known to recognize epitopes related to the human Rh system: neither antibody reacts with Rhnull cells and the BS58 antigen is not expressed by -D- or .D. cells.

Identification and partial characterization of the human erythrocyte membrane component(s) that express the antigens of the LW blood-group system.

Rhnull human erythrocytes lack the antigens of the Rhesus blood-group system, have an abnormal shape, have an increased osmotic fragility, and are associated with mild chronic haemolytic anaemia. Rhnull erythrocytes also lack all antigens of the LW blood-group system, but the functional significance of this deficiency is unknown. We have identified, by immunoblotting with two mouse monoclonal antibodies (BS46 and BS56), the LW-active component(s) in normal human erythrocytes as a broad band of Mr 37 000-47 000 on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.

Blood group variation in the Isle of Lewis.

Blood groups and protein and enzyme polymorphism distributions were studied in 285 residents on the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides. As well as gene frequency calculations for individual loci, genetic distance estimations were made and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results indicated several major differences from North-west European populations, with high values of R2(CDe), Rz(CDE) and P1.

Genetic factors in the population of Plati, Greece.

One-thousand, thirty-eight individuals from Plati, Greece were examined for the following red cell antigens, serum proteins, and red cell enzymes A A1 Ai B H; MNSs Mg Henshaw Nya Mur Vw; CCwcDEeCe; K k Kpa Kpb Jsa Jsb; P1; Lua; Fy1 Fy2; Jka Jkb; Wra; Zt; Vel; Swa; Jensen, Radin, Gerbich, Diego, Gregory, Haptoglobin, Transferrin, Acid phosphatase, Adenylate kinase, Adenosine deaminase, Esterase-D, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Phosphoglucomutase, 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, Phosphohexose isomerase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Malate dehydrogenase, and Superoxide dismutase. The results are discussed in detail and compared with other Greek and neighbouring populations. Because of the Plati population's long history of residence in the Cappadocian area of Turkey the data have been compared, whenever possible, with results for that region.

The blood groups and other hereditary blood factors of the Icelanders.

Bjarnason, Bjarnason, Edwards, Fridriksson, Magnusson, Mourant and Tills (1973) published preliminary data on a study of Iceland. The present paper gives the complete data of the study and extends the sample size for most of the genetic systems to over 1500 individuals, approximately 1/130 of the population. The sample was divided into seven subpopulations and these were compared using a genetic distance matrix.

Blood group, protein, and red cell enzyme polymorphisms of the Hadza of Tanzania.

Three subpopulations of the Hadza were examined for the following antigens and proteins including enzymes A1ABH, MNS Henshaw, CcCwDDuEeVCe, Lua, KJsa, Fy1Fy2, JkaJkb, Dia, Wra, haemoglobin, haptoglobin, transferrin, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, adenylate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. The results are discussed in relation to other African populations including the Sandawe, Nyaturu, Pygmies, San, and Khoikhoi.

Genetic studies of the population of the Isle of Man.

A sample of the Isle of Man population was tested for the following red cell antigens, serum proteins and red cell enzymes: ABH; MNSs He; Cc CwD Du Ee Ce; K k Kpa Kpb; Lua; P1; Fya Fyb; haptoglobin; transferrin; Ag; acid phosphatase; phosphoglucomutase; adenylate kinase; esterase D; adenosine deaminase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The study comprised 219 blood donors, 338 secondary school children and 116 females attending the only antenatal clinic. The results were studied for intra-island variation and for their their relationship with other Irish Sea Basin populations.

Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Karkar Islanders and inhabitants of the adjacent North Coast of New Guinea.

Blood samples from the Waskia and Takia populations of Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea, and other nearby mainland populations, were tested for genetic variation in blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme systems. Polymorphic variation was present in the ABO, P, MNS, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Gerbich blood group systems, in the Hp and Tf serum protein systems, and in the acid phosphatase, 6-PGD, ADA, PGM, MDH, and G-6-PD enzyme systems. A small number of variants was found in other systems: there were 4 Lu(a+), 1 Kp(a+), 2 C variants in the acid phosphatase system, 6 LDH variants, 1 ADA3-1 and 1 AK2-1 sample.

Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Eastern Highlanders of New Guinea.

A series of 1,187 blood samples from eight population groups in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea were tested for genetic variation in blood groups, serum proteins and red cell enzyme systems. The populations belonged to the language groups Gahuku-Asarc-Bena Bena, Kamano, Yagaria, Keiagana, Fore, Agarabe, Auyana and Tairora. Polymorphic variation was found in the ABO, MNS, P1, Rh, Hp, Tf, SEP, 6-PGD, ADA, MDH, and PGM genetic systems.

Genetic surveys from the Central, Morobe and Northern Districts, Papua New Guinea.

The results of blood group surveys on a number of linguistic groups inhabiting contiguous areas within the Goilala sub-district of the Central District, the southern part of the Morobe District and the Northern District are reported. Altogether about 1900 subjects were tested, but the extent of testing varied. Red cell enzyme and serum protein systems were also investigated in two groups.

Red cell antigen, serum protein, and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in inhabitants of the Jimi Valley, Western Highlands, New Guinea.

A series of blood samples from four villages in the Jimi Valley, Western New Guinea Highlands, has been tested for genetic variation in blood group, serum protein, and red cell enzyme systems. Polymorphic variation was present for the AB0, MNS, P, and Rh blood group systems, for the Hp and Tf serum protein systems, and for the acid phosphatase, 6-PGD, PGM, MDH, and ADA enzyme systems. One each of the following variants was detected: Ge(a-), G6PD deficient, AK 2-1 and PHI 7-1 or 8-1.

Genetic markers in epilepsy: a survey.

In a study of genetic markets in patients with epilepsy, 30 genetic systems have been tested and the results compared with all previously published studies on this subjects. Only one marker, Ss + ss/SS in the MNSs blood group system showed a statistically highly significant difference (p below 0.001) in the epileptic patients compared with a control group.

The inherited blood factors of some Northern Nigerians.

Results are presented on 147 individuals from northern Nigeria who were tested for the red cell antigens A, A1, B, H, M, N, S, s, He, P1, C, D, Du, E, c, e, Ce, v, Lua, Jka (some for Jkb), Lua, K, Jsa (some for Jsb), Kpa, Rd, Fya and Fyb, and for variants of the serum proteins haptoglobin and transferrin and of the red cell enzymes acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, phosphohexose isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase. The results found are of interest as they are among the very few published for this area of Nigeria, but they show little that is unexpected for people living in this region.

Micromethods in blood group serology.

A micromethod is described that can be used for typing red cells by saline, albumin and anti-human globulin techniques and that can also-be used for Gm and Inv typing. It has the advantage that very small amounts of sera can be used, 4 microliter for saline and albumin methods and 10 microliter for the anti-human globulin technique. The system enables one method to be applied to all techniques, and as the prepared plates with their antisera can be stored frozen it is ideal for large scale testing.

The blood groups and other heriditary blood factors of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews.

Blood specimens collected fro Yemenite and Kurdish Jews living in Israel were tested for 11 blood group systems 5 plasma protein systems and 9 systems of red-cell enzymes. The results of these tests were combined with those of tests on other Yemenite and Kurdish Jews, reported by Godber et al. (1973), the total data sorted according to the place of origin of the subjects or their parents in the Yemen Arab Republic and Kurdistan respectively.

The use of the FST statistic of Wright for estimating the effects of genetic drift, selection and migration populations, with special reference to Ireland.

The Fst of Wright has been used to examine the available blood group, serum protein and enzyme data for the world, NW Europe and the counties of Ireland. These include the ABO, secretor, Lewis, MNSs, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Lutheran, Kidd, P, Diego, haptoglobin, Gc, Lp, Ag, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, 6-phosphogluconate, phosphoglucomutase and transferrin systems. The highest value was found for the Fy gene.

Red cell and serum proteins and enzymes of the Irish.

The gene frequencies in a number of red cell and serum protein and enzyme polymorphisms were examined in blood specimens from some 1800 subjects in different parts of Ireland. In general, the gene frequencies are similar to other western European values, though AK2 and PGDC frequencies are slightly low and ADA2 slightly high. The populations of the different provinces of Ireland are generally similar in these polymorphic frequencies, though Ag, Lp and Gc suggest differences mainly involving the ancient province of Ulster.

Blood groups of the Irish.

Some 1800 blood donors from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland have been tested for the antigens A A1 B H; M N Ss Henshaw; C c Cw D Du E e Ce; Wra; P1; Lua; K k Kpa; Fya Fyb; and Rd (Radin). The results are compared with those already available for Ireland and an attempt is made to interpret them in terms of populations movements. With the exception of the high O frequency in the West, believed to represent the remnants of Mesolithic peoples, the blood groups are very similar to those in the rest of Europe, and show no significant differences between the different provinces in Ireland.

The blood groups, serum groups, red-cell isoenzymes and haemoglobins of the Sandawe and Nyaturu of Tanzania.

Blood specimens from members of the click-speaking Sandawe tribe of Tanzania and of the adjacent Bantu-speaking Nyaturu tribe have been tested for antigens of 11 blood group systems, for variants of 3 plasma-protein systems and 9 red-cell-enzyme systems, for haemoglobin variants. The results are tabulated and gene frequencies computed. For most systems, the frequencies in the two tribes are similar to one another and, in so far as data are available, similar to the neighbouring Bantu-speaking tribes.

Sunshine and the geographical distribution of the alleles of the Gc system of plasma proteins.

Following the discovery by Daiger et al. (1975) that the Gc proteins of human plasma act as the carriers of vitamin D, the authors have plotted on a world map all available data on the frequency of the allele Gc2, and compared the distribution with that of sunlight. With some exceptions high frequencies of Gc2 correspond to low levels of sunlight and vice versa.