Design and Characterization of 5 μm Pitch InGaAs Photodiodes Using In Situ Doping and Shallow Mesa Architecture for SWIR Sensing.

This paper presents the complete design, fabrication, and characterization of a shallow-mesa photodiode for short-wave infra-red (SWIR) sensing. We characterized and demonstrated photodiodes collecting 1.55 μm photons with a pixel pitch as small as 3 μm.

Subcellular injuries in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia occurring in the elderly. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of AD, including amyloidogenesis, disruption of calcium homeostasis, energetic failure, induction of oxidative stress, and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. This review examines associations between cellular and subcellular injuries, neurodegeneration, and cell death in experimental models, clinical symptoms, and autopsy reports of AD to identify the subcellular events leading to disease onset and progression.

[Ischemia reperfusion: an unavoidable phase of transplant procedures].

Transplanted organs are inevitably exposed to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cold preservation is also used to reduced metabolic processes during ex vivo transport but triggers a complex pathophysiological syndrome which is responsible for delayed graft function after reperfusion. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is also associated with chronic graft dysfunction.

[French national health insurance. The current situation].

An audit of the French national health insurance system would be justified by economic considerations alone, but this would risk overlooking the notions of solidarity and freedom to which the French are rightly attached. European comparisons suggest, however, that our system could be made more efficient without undermining public health. The national health insurance system allows each member of the population to receive high-quality medical care.

Amyloidosis and neurodegenerative diseases: current treatments and new pharmacological options.

Most neurodegenerative diseases share several clinical, genetic and pathophysiological features, and an irreversible evolution as well. They are characterized by an endogenous production of abnormal proteins called amyloid proteins (AP), which are not hydrosoluble, form depots, and are only partly cleared by autophagy and the ubiquitin-protease system. Despite their different structures, they are probably generated by a common pathological pathway, a misfolding process.

Renal protective effect of metabolic therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes: from bench to bed side.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is due to subintimal deposition of atheromatous plaques in large and medium-sized coronary arteries. Different risk factors have been identified such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and smoking. Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus affect the same major target organs.

Caprospinol: moving from a neuroactive steroid to a neurotropic drug.

In search of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease, we departed from the classic concepts and investigated the ability of normal and Alzheimer's disease brain to convert cholesterol to steroids, otherwise known as neurosteroids. We identified 22R-hydroxycholesterol to be present in much lower levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease than in tissue from age-matched controls. 22R-hydroxycholesterol was shown to protect against beta-amyloid (A beta(42))-induced neurotoxicity and block the formation of A beta oligomers.

Concentration-dependent plasma protein binding of the novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor BI 1356 due to saturable binding to its target in plasma of mice, rats and humans.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterise the plasma protein binding of BI 1356.

Methods: BI 1356 (proposed trade name ONDERO) is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, which is under clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. DPP-4 is expressed in various tissues but soluble DPP-4 is also present in plasma.

[Illicit drugs, medications and traffic accidents].

The European Union (EU) has 25 member-states and 455 million inhabitants. Statistics on traffic accidents in the EU show that more than 45,000 people are killed annually, including 5200 in France. At the same time, nearly two million persons in the EU require medical treatment for traffic-accident-related injuries, including 109,000 in France.

[Self-medication and safety].

Most drugs used for self-medication act on pain, diarrhea, constipation, gastric acid hypersecretion, or allergic diseases. They are generally well-tolerated, provided the recommended dose regimen is respected. Most adverse effects result from misuse (wrong indication, overdose, interactions, etc.

Trimetazidine reduces early and long-term effects of experimental renal warm ischemia: a dose effect study.

Objective: Renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI) is an important mechanism of acute renal failure (ARF) and a crucial factor of tissue damage during vascular surgery. IR may lead to tissue destruction and influence the early and long-term outcome of organs. The anti-anginal medication trimetazidine (TMZ) is a drug, the protective effects of which have been already assessed during cold preservation and warm ischemia (WI).

Protection of cellular and mitochondrial functions against liver ischemia by N-benzyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-piperazine (BHDP), a sigma1 ligand.

We investigated the antiischemic properties of a new compound N-benzyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-piperazine (BHDP), having high affinity and selectivity for the sigma(1) receptor, in two different models of ischemia. The first was an experimental model of rat liver normothermic ischemia-reperfusion. Rats were pretreated with different doses of BHDP (0.

Comparison of protective effects of trimetazidine against experimental warm ischemia of different durations: early and long-term effects in a pig kidney model.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is often the consequence of an ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and associated with high mortality. Warm ischemia (WI) is a crucial factor of tissue damage, and tissue destruction led by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) can impact the early and long-term functional outcome. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is an anti-ischemic drug.

Implication of mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in cold preservation--warm reperfusion-induced hepatocyte injury.

Cold ischemia--warm reperfusion (CI/WR) injury of liver transplantation involves hepatocyte cell death, the nature and underlying mechanisms of which remain unclear. Isolated hepatocytes and isolated perfused livers were used to determine the prevalence of necrosis and apoptosis as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. In isolated cells, propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 staining showed a cold-storage, time-dependent increase in necrosis, whereas apoptosis was minimal even after 48 h of hypothermia.

Effect of the mitochondrial transition pore inhibitor, S-15176, on rat liver mitochondria: ATP synthase modulation and mitochondrial uncoupling induction.

S-15176 is a new inhibitor of the permeability transition pore (PTP) which has been shown to display anti-ischemic properties. We show here that S-15176 prevented PTP, cytochrome c release and maintained mitochondrial membrane potential when low concentrations of S-15176 were used (not exceeding 50 nmol/mg protein). For higher concentrations S-15176 is able to collapse mitochondrial potential.

Resveratrol protects against cold ischemia-warm reoxygenation-induced damages to mitochondria and cells in rat liver.

Ischemia-reperfusion is a critical event in the development of primary graft dysfunctions after liver transplantations. Ischemia-reperfusion causes cell injuries which are related to the successive cold preservation-warm reperfusion (CPWR) periods required by the graft. Recent evidences suggest that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of these injuries and that mitochondrial dysfunctions are involved.