Temporal trends in obesity defined by the relative fat mass (RFM) index among adults in the United States from 1999 to 2020: a population-based study.

Objectives: The body mass index (BMI) largely underestimates excess body fat, suggesting that the prevalence of obesity could be underestimated. Biologically, women are known to have higher body fat than men. This study aimed to compare the temporal trends in general obesity by sex, ethnicity and age among adults in the USA using the relative fat mass (RFM), a validated surrogate for whole-body fat percentage and BMI.

Lower Prevalence of Body Fat-Defined Obesity at Higher Altitudes in Peruvian Adults.

Woolcott, Orison O., Till Seuring, and Oscar A. Castillo.

The state of diabetes care and obstacles to better care in Aceh, Indonesia: a mixed-methods study.

Background: Cardio-metabolic diseases are a major cause of death worldwide, including in Indonesia, where diabetes is one of the most critical diseases for the health system to manage.

Methods: We describe the characteristics, levels of control, health behavior, and diabetes-related complications of diabetes patients in Aceh, Indonesia. We use baseline data and blood testing from a randomized-controlled trial.

Methods to Generate Innovative Research Ideas and Improve Patient and Public Involvement in Modern Epidemiological Research: Review, Patient Viewpoint, and Guidelines for Implementation of a Digital Cohort Study.

Background: Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research aims to increase the quality and relevance of research by incorporating the perspective of those ultimately affected by the research. Despite these potential benefits, PPI is rarely included in epidemiology protocols.

Objective: The aim of this study is to provide an overview of methods used for PPI and offer practical recommendations for its efficient implementation in epidemiological research.

Using financial incentives to increase physical activity among employees as a strategy of workplace health promotion: protocol for a systematic review.

Introduction: Shifts towards sedentary occupations in high-income countries (HIC) over the last decades and the health burden associated with physical inactivity have led to innovative strategies to promote physical activity (PA) among the working population. Financial rewards have been proposed to incentivise participation in programmes promoting PA or the achievement of PA-related goals. This review will assess (1) effects of financial incentives provided by employers to promote PA on programme adherence/compliance, PA and closely linked outcomes (eg, days of sick leave), (2) effects according to age, gender, implementation and study quality and (3) intervention costs and cost-effectiveness.

Diabetes, employment and behavioural risk factors in China: Marginal structural models versus fixed effects models.

We use longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, covering the years 1997-2011, to estimate the effect of a diabetes diagnosis on an economic outcome (employment probabilities) and behavioural risk factors (alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and hypertension) for men and women. We apply two complementary statistical techniques-marginal structural models (MSMs) and fixed effects (FE) models-to deal with confounding. Both methods suggest, despite their different underlying assumptions, similar patterns that indicate important differences between men and women.

Using peer education to improve diabetes management and outcomes in a low-income setting: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Diabetes is an important health burden in Indonesia. However, diabetes management and treatment remain poor, with most people with diabetes in Indonesia not achieving the recommended blood glucose levels. Peer education may have particular potential in low-income settings in complementing diabetes care without being a large additional strain on the health system.

The impact of diabetes on labour market outcomes in Mexico: A panel data and biomarker analysis.

Recent evidence for Mexico suggests important differences in health status between people with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes. However, there is at best scarce evidence on the economic consequences of diabetes, especially in contexts where the condition often remains undiagnosed, as is typically the case in low- and middle income countries. Using Mexican longitudinal and biomarker data we estimated the relationship between diabetes, as well as its time since diagnosis, and employment probabilities, wages and working hours.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus care and education in China: The 3C study of coverage, cost, and care in Beijing and Shantou.

Aims: The paucity of data on Type 1 diabetes in China hinders progress in care and policy-making. This study compares Type 1 diabetes care and clinical outcomes in Beijing and Shantou with current clinical guidelines.

Methods: The 3C Study was a cross-sectional study of the clinical practices and outcomes of people with Type 1 diabetes.

IDF Diabetes Atlas estimates of 2014 global health expenditures on diabetes.

Aims: To estimate health expenditures due to diabetes in 2014 for the world and its regions.

Methods: Diabetes-attributable health expenditures were estimated using an attributable fraction method. Data were sourced from International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates of diabetes prevalence, UN population projections, WHO annual health expenditure reports, and estimates of the cost ratio of people with and without diabetes.

The impact of diabetes on employment in Mexico.

This study explores the impact of diabetes on employment in Mexico using data from the Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS) (2005), taking into account the possible endogeneity of diabetes via an instrumental variable estimation strategy. We find that diabetes significantly decreases employment probabilities for men by about 10 percentage points (p<0.01) and somewhat less so for women - 4.

The Economic Costs of Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Systematic Review.

Background: There has been a widely documented and recognized increase in diabetes prevalence, not only in high-income countries (HICs) but also in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), over recent decades. The economic burden associated with diabetes, especially in LMICs, is less clear.

Objective: We provide a systematic review of the global evidence on the costs of type 2 diabetes.