The necessity of developing a two-stage qualification in ICD-11.

In the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) two opposing principles are combined and mixed: atheoreticity that is necessary for the natural classification and commitment to nosology. Implementation of these principles requires a two-stage qualification. The first stage should be narrative detailed syndromological qualifications with identification of psychotic level of disorders.

Gene set enrichment analysis and expression pattern exploration implicate an involvement of neurodevelopmental processes in bipolar disorder.

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and highly heritable disorder of mood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several independent susceptibility loci. In order to extract more biological information from GWAS data, multi-locus approaches represent powerful tools since they utilize knowledge about biological processes to integrate functional sets of genes at strongly to moderately associated loci.

[A differential approach to the improvement of prevention and correction of neuroleptic side extrapyramidal disorders with pantogam activ in patients with schizophrenia].

Aim: To assess the efficacy and safety of pantogam active (PA) in prevention and correction of neurological side-effects during the course neuroleptic treatment of acute endogenous psychoses.

Material And Methods: Eighty schizophrenic patients (mean age 33 years) with acute psychosis were examined. All patients received 28-day course treatment with typical and atypical neuroleptics.

Genome-wide analysis implicates microRNAs and their target genes in the development of bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 1%. Molecular genetic studies have identified the first BD susceptibility genes. However, the disease pathways remain largely unknown.

[Clinical and immunological correlations in endogenous depression].

Objective: To study the possibility of using immunological parameters for the evaluation of the activity of endogenous process in depression and quality of response to psychopharmacotherapy.

Material And Methods: Authors examined 42 patients, aged 20-55 years, with the prevalence of anxiety (n = 22) or apathy (n = 20) in the clinical picture of depression. The following immunological parameters were measured in the blood of the patients: degranulation activity of leukocyte elastase (LE), functional activity of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI); the level of autoantibodies to neuroantigen S-100B and myelin basic protein.

[The pathomorphosis of schizophrenia].

The author considers the problem of pathomorphosis, i.e. the changes in clinical presentation of endogenous mental diseases (schizophrenia, depression), since the time of its classical description.

Genome-wide association study reveals two new risk loci for bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and highly heritable mental illness and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have robustly identified the first common genetic variants involved in disease aetiology. The data also provide strong evidence for the presence of multiple additional risk loci, each contributing a relatively small effect to BD susceptibility. Large samples are necessary to detect these risk loci.

[Age-related aspects of depressive states].

The significant variety of psychopathological presentations of depression causes difficulties in its diagnosis. Depression of middle age is subdivided depending on the predomination of one or another disorder in the clinical picture. There are simple depression and complicated depression with additional psychopathological symptoms.

[The typology of oneiroid-catatonic states in schizophrenia].

Objective: To determine the types of oneiroid-catatonic states characteristic of corresponding schizophrenia attacks and their treatment-related changes.

Material And Methods: We examined 68 outpatients, 25 men and 43 women, aged from 18 to 54 years, using psychopathological and follow-up methods. Results and conclusion.

[Some variants of premanifesting disorders in attack-like schizophrenia].

Objective: To investigate a spectrum of disorders preceding the development of manifesting psychosis in the aspect of their topology and possible prognostic value.

Material And Methods: Authors examined 60 outpatients, 21 women and 39 men, aged from 22 to 34 years. All patients were diagnosed with attack-like progressive schizophrenia.

[Controversial problems of clinical psychiatry].

Current existing problems of clinical psychiatry are considered in the aspect of most urgent and unresolved issues in the field of schizophrenia. Special attention is drawn to the differences in existing approaches to the classification of schizophrenia. In this connection, the author emphasizes the importance of the classification developed by A.

[EEG-correlates and possible predictors of efficacy of treatment of endogenous depression].

An analysis of EEG spectral power values and of quantitative clinical scores of depressive conditions has been carried out in dynamics of treatment in 40 patients with endogenous depression with the main goal to study neurophysiologic correlates and to search possible predictors of therapeutic outcome. The reduction of depressive symptoms by the end of the treatment course was associated with EEG signs of improvement of brain functional state. Significant correlations have been revealed between the EEG narrow-band spectral power values and clinical scores.

[Genomic instability in the brain: etiology, pathogenesis and new biological markers of psychiatric disorders].

The latest advances in molecular medicine, medical genetics and neurobiology have provided for a new look at processes occurring in cells of the brain and have allowed to discover previously unknown phenomena associated with mental traits and to propose new biomedical direction which include genomics, psychiatry and neurobiology - brain genomics. The application of modern molecular and cellular technologies of genome analysis in the brain in common psychiatric disorders (autism, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease) has shown that genomic instability is a phathogenetic mechanism of central nervous system abnormalities and plays a role in the brain development. Genomic disbalance alters neural homeostasis leads to cell death and is an important biological marker of psychiatric disorders which determine genomic pathways.

[Clinical psychiatry and the problem of investigation of new psychopharmacological agents].

Problems of future development of psychopathology and clinical psychopharmacology are discussed. It is shown that the study of efficacious psychopharmacological agents is closely related to the study of the psychopathological structure of psychic disorders, problems of therapeutic resistance and maintenance treatment.

[Paroxysmal and paroxysmal-like conditions during schizophrenia].

The clinical picture of paroxysm-like progredient schizophrenia in 104 patients was characterized by a combination of schizophrenic symptomatology, paroxismal and paroxysm-like disorders. Investigation of their psychopathological structure showed that they differ from that of epileptic paroxysms. The data obtained provide a basis for distinguishing a special variant of endogenous process and developing criteria for typological classification of paroxismal and paroxysm-like disorders.

[Endogenous affective disorders: problems of systematics and typology].

A classification of endogenous affective disorders based on clinical manifestations of a concrete disease is proposed. It reflects one of the stages of investigations into the structure of psychopathological manifestations of depressive and maniacal disorders. Further studies may provide data for the adjustment of the classification to the current diagnostic strategies.

Genome-wide association study identifies genetic variation in neurocan as a susceptibility factor for bipolar disorder.

We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and a follow-up study of bipolar disorder (BD), a common neuropsychiatric disorder. In the GWAS, we investigated 499,494 autosomal and 12,484 X-chromosomal SNPs in 682 patients with BD and in 1300 controls. In the first follow-up step, we tested the most significant 48 SNPs in 1729 patients with BD and in 2313 controls.

Variation in P2RX7 candidate gene (rs2230912) is not associated with bipolar I disorder and unipolar major depression in four European samples.

Two recent studies reported evidence for association between genetic variation of the positional candidate gene P2RX7 on chromosome 12q24 and bipolar I disorder (BPI) [Barden et al. (2006); Am J Med Genet Part B 141B:374-382; McQuillin et al. (2008); Mol Psychiatry 13:1-7] and one study found association with unipolar major depression (Mdd-UP) [Lucae et al.

[Current approaches to understanding of autism in childhood].

The authors analyse the trends in the study of childhood autism in the XX century and state of the art in view of nosology, systematics, clinical phenomenology, etiology and pathogenesis of autistic disorders. Mental Health Research Center of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences proposes a new classification of autism in children basing on the study of 500 cases. Each form of autistic disorders is characterized in clinicopsychopathological and pathogenetic aspects.

[Clinical psychiatry and problems of novel psychopharmacological medication study].

The problems of further development of psychopathology are considered in terms of clinical psychopharmacology. Investigations on efficacy of modern psychopharmacological medications are shown to relate closely to studies of psychopathological structure of mental disorders as well as to problem of treatment resistance and maintenance treatment.

[Affective disorders and syndrome formation].

Investigation of affective disorders in different psychopathologic syndromes allows to evaluate their role in the processes of syndrome formation and prognostic value. Affective disorders developing in different diseases (nosologies) within relevant psychopathologic syndromes determine main peculiarities of the disease course as well as severity of damage to mental activity.