Providing Equitable Care for Patients With Non-English Language Preference in Telemedicine: Training on Working With Interpreters in Telehealth.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a large increase in telemedicine encounters. Despite this rise in virtual visits, patients who speak non-English languages have experienced challenges accessing telemedicine. To improve health equity, medical education on telehealth delivery should include instruction on working with interpreters in telehealth.

Current State and Proposal of Best Practices of Standardized Patients for Spanish-Language Objective Structured Clinical Encounters in US Medical Schools.

Introduction: Medical Spanish programs commonly engage Spanish-speaking standardized patients (SPs) for communication skills assessment, yet no studies address SP recruitment, selection, or training.

Methods: We sent questionnaires to medical Spanish faculty at 20 US medical schools to gauge their practices in recruiting and selecting Spanish-language SPs. We invited faculty to distribute a separate questionnaire to Spanish-language SPs to gather SP language abilities, training, and experience.

Medical Student Perceptions of Sociocultural Issues in Healthcare: A Multisite Study of Medical Spanish Education.

Theory: Cultural competence and humility are core elements of medical education in a diverse society. Language is inseparable from culture, as language informs, indexes, frames, and encodes both culture and worldview. Spanish is the most common non-English language taught in U.

Knowing Is Not Doing: A Qualitative Study of Parental Views on Family Beverage Choice.

Objective: Sugary drink consumption is associated with adverse health outcomes in children, highlighting the need for scalable family interventions that address barriers to water consumption. To inform development of a scalable, health-care-system-based intervention targeting family beverage choice, a formative qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with parents whose children were identified as over-consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and/or fruit juice (FJ). The first goal of these interviews was to understand, in a diverse real-world patient population, what parents viewed as the primary drivers of their family's beverage choices, and explore how these drivers might need to be addressed in order to make changes to beverage consumption.

Improving First-Year Family Medicine Residents' Confidence in Safe Opioid Prescribing Through a Multiactivity Educational Program.

Background And Objective: It is documented that some of the opioids prescribed to manage chronic pain are diverted and used for nonmedical purposes. We investigated whether a skill-based, chronic pain management (CPM) educational program could improve first-year family medicine residents' comfort, knowledge, and concerns in assessing and managing patients who use opioids for chronic noncancer pain.

Methods: A total of 72 first-year residents (four cohorts of 18) participated in a 3-month CPM training intervention that consisted of didactic lectures, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) activities, and post-OSCE debriefing with faculty, one being a behavioral health specialist, between 2017 and 2020.

Utilizing clinical pharmacists and a medication assistance program to improve medication access for indigent and underserved patients in primary care.

Background: Medication Assistance Programs (MAP) provide needed medications to uninsured and underinsured patients. In 2019, 24% of adults had difficulty affording their medications. Literature has shown enrollment in MAP decreased emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admission, and total hospital cost.

Evaluating the impact of a flipped classroom model based on cognitive science of learning strategies in a pharmacotherapy course.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a flipped classroom method based on cognitive science of learning strategies on student performance and experience in a third-year pharmacotherapy course.

Methods: The cognitive science of learning flipped classroom (CSL-FC) strategies in this study included pre-class learning (Preview), in-class application to cases (Retrieval), after-class learning (Spaced Retrieval), and post-module reflection (Deliberate Reflection) in a required pharmacotherapy course. During fall 2017, one instructor piloted the CSL-FC method.

Recognizing and Dismantling Raciolinguistic Hierarchies in Latinx Health.

Latinx individuals represent a linguistically and racially diverse, growing US patient population. Raciolinguistics considers intersections of language and race, prioritizes lived experiences of non-English speakers, and can help clinicians more deftly conceptualize heterogeneity and complexity in Latinx health experiences. This article discusses how raciolinguistic hierarchies (ie, practices of attaching social value to some languages but not others) can undermine the quality of Latinx patients' health experiences.

An Overview of Online Resources for Medical Spanish Education for Effective Communication with Spanish-Speaking Patients.

Phenomenon: Despite the rapid development of virtual medical Spanish educational materials, online resources lack transparency and a peer-review process. The purpose of this interdisciplinary study was to provide a critical inventory of virtual resources for medical Spanish education, thereby providing a panorama of the current state of online medical Spanish.

Approach: Research team members conducted iterative searches to identify medical Spanish online resources, which were then screened for predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Scoping Review of Textbooks for Medical Spanish Education.

Unlabelled: Despite medical Spanish program proliferation to teach clinicians the language skills to communicate effectively with Spanish-speaking patients, course material selection remains a challenge. We conducted a scoping review to systematically identify medical Spanish textbooks, evaluate utility, and identify gaps. On average, language reviewers scored books lower than medical reviewers.

Rethinking the Term "Limited English Proficiency" to Improve Language-Appropriate Healthcare for All.

The concept of limited English proficiency (LEP) presents significant challenges when applied to the healthcare needs of the diverse and growing multilingual population in the U.S. We expound on the following ways in which the concept of LEP is problematic: the ethnocentric notion of a "primary language," the ambiguous idea of "limited ability," and the deficit-oriented construct of "language assistance.

Student and Faculty Diversity is Insufficient to Ensure High-Quality Medical Spanish Education in US Medical Schools.

Medical Spanish education aims to reduce linguistic barriers in healthcare and has historically been led by Hispanic/Latinx students and faculty, often without formal training or institutional support. We surveyed 158 US medical schools about their medical Spanish programs. We then examined national trends in Underrepresented in Medicine and Hispanic/Latinx faculty and students as factors associated with meeting medical Spanish basic standards for curricula, educators, assessment, and course credit.

Medical Spanish in US Medical Schools: a National Survey to Examine Existing Programs.

Background: Most medical schools offer medical Spanish education to teach patient-physician communication skills with the growing Spanish-speaking population. Medical Spanish courses that lack basic standards of curricular structure, faculty educators, learner assessment, and institutional credit may increase student confidence without sufficiently improving skills, inadvertently exacerbating communication problems with linguistic minority patients.

Objective: To conduct a national environmental scan of US medical schools' medical Spanish educational efforts, examine to what extent existing efforts meet basic standards, and identify next steps in improving the quality of medical Spanish education.

Prescription Drug and Alcohol Use Disorders: Safe Prescribing of Opioids.

Opioids are not first-line therapy for chronic noncancer pain or nonsevere acute pain. Overall, evidence does not show that opioids are superior to nonopioid interventions, and opioids pose a high risk of harm. A trial of opioid therapy may be considered for patients who have persistent severe pain plus functional limitations despite adherence to multiple appropriate nonopioid therapies.

Integration of Pharmacy Students Into Family Medicine Residency Clinics.

Background And Objectives: As interprofessional education opportunities become more prevalent within family medicine residency clinics, the benefit of the integration of pharmacy students is unclear in the current literature. Our study objective was to determine the impact of pharmacy student integration into a family medicine residency clinic on family medicine residents' attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration and satisfaction.

Methods: Twenty-two pharmacy students on clinical rotation were individually paired with family medicine residents for approximately 4-5 half days per week over a 10-month period.

Using Communication Technology to Enhance Interprofessional Education Simulations.

Objective: To determine the impact of simulations using an alternative method of communication on students' satisfaction, attitudes, confidence, and performance related to interprofessional communication.

Design: One hundred sixty-three pharmacy students participated in a required applications-based capstone course. Students were randomly assigned to one of three interprofessional education (IPE) simulations with other health professions students using communication methods such as telephone, e-mail, and video conferencing.

Pharmacy residents' pursuit of academic positions.

Objective: To describe pharmacy residents' interest in and pursuit of academic positions.

Methods: An electronic presurvey and postsurvey were sent to pharmacy residents during the 2011-2012 residency year. The initial survey evaluated residents' job preferences and interest in academia at the beginning of residency, and the follow-up survey focused on job selection and reasons for pursuing or not pursuing positions in academia.

Low bone mineral density and temporomandibular joint derangement in young females.

Aims: To analyze the bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of young female patients with a disc displacement in at least 1 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) as well as in a group of age-matched young females with a normal condyle-disc relationship.

Methods: Fifty-six young female patients with anterior disc displacement based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 40 age- and gender-matched controls with asymptomatic TMJs were recruited for this study. Subjects between 18 and 30 years were recruited.