The effects of smoking on intersegmental motion in the upper thoracic spine.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if smoking has an effect on intersegmental motion in the upper thoracic spine.

Methods: Fifty participants (25 smokers and 25 nonsmokers) who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Both groups were scanned by the ProAdjuster (Pittsburg, PA) system 3 times for 3 days in the upper thoracic spine to determine the fixation, mobility, frequency, and motoricity of each segment.