Variation in pentose phosphate pathway-associated metabolism dictates cytotoxicity outcomes determined by tetrazolium reduction assays.

Tetrazolium reduction and resazurin assays are the mainstay of routine in vitro toxicity batteries. However, potentially erroneous characterization of cytotoxicity and cell proliferation can arise if verification of baseline interaction of test article with method employed is neglected. The current investigation aimed to demonstrate how interpretation of results from several standard cytotoxicity and proliferation assays vary in dependence on contributions from the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).

Critical endpoints of PFOA and PFOS exposure for regulatory risk assessment in drinking water: Parameter choices impacting estimates of safe exposure levels.

USEPA issued drinking water interim health advisories (iHA) for PFOA and PFOS. The Agency's choice for critical effect, toxic point-of-departure (PoD), benchmark dose (BMD), pharmacokinetic (PK) model extrapolation to ingested dose, and use of uncertainty factors, resulted in the iHA for PFOS and PFOA being lowered from 70 ppt to 0.04-0.

Carbon nanotube filler enhances incinerated thermoplastics-induced cytotoxicity and metabolic disruption in vitro.

Background: Engineered nanomaterials are increasingly being incorporated into synthetic materials as fillers and additives. The potential pathological effects of end-of-lifecycle recycling and disposal of virgin and nano-enabled composites have not been adequately addressed, particularly following incineration. The current investigation aims to characterize the cytotoxicity of incinerated virgin thermoplastics vs.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Neoplastic-Like Cell Transformation Is Reduced with a Protective Amorphous Silica Coating.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) have recently surged in production and use in a wide variety of biomedical and environmental applications. However, their potential long-term health effects, including carcinogenesis, are unknown. Limited research suggests IONP can induce genotoxicity and neoplastic transformation associated with particle dissolution and release of free iron ions.

Potential Toxicity and Underlying Mechanisms Associated with Pulmonary Exposure to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Conflicting Literature and Unclear Risk.

Fine/micron-sized iron oxide particulates are incidentally released from a number of industrial processes, including iron ore mining, steel processing, welding, and pyrite production. Some research suggests that occupational exposure to these particulates is linked to an increased risk of adverse respiratory outcomes, whereas other studies suggest that iron oxide is biologically benign. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), which are less than 100 nm in diameter, have recently surged in use as components of novel drug delivery systems, unique imaging protocols, as environmental catalysts, and for incorporation into thermoplastics.

Evaluation of tumorigenic potential of CeO and FeO engineered nanoparticles by a human cell screening model.

With rapid development of novel nanotechnologies that incorporate engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into manufactured products, long-term, low dose ENM exposures in occupational settings is forecasted to occur with potential adverse outcomes to human health. Few ENM human health risk assessment efforts have evaluated tumorigenic potential of ENMs. Two widely used nano-scaled metal oxides (NMOs), cerium oxide (nCeO) and ferric oxide (nFeO) were screened in the current study using a sub-chronic exposure to human primary small airway epithelial cells (pSAECs).

The environment of "Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis" microaggregates induces synthesis of small proteins associated with efficient infection of respiratory epithelial cells.

"Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis" is an opportunistic environmental pathogen that causes respiratory illness in immunocompromised patients, such as those with cystic fibrosis as well as other chronic respiratory diseases. Currently, there is no efficient approach to prevent or treat M.