Energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental sustainability challenges for Belt and Road countries: a fresh insight from "Chinese Going Global Strategy".

The present study investigated the impact of energy- and economy-related variables on CO emissions in 49 countries of the Belt and Road Initiative from 1995-2018. The robust type of cross-section dependence and heterogeneity methods was adopted to analyze data set of countries. Energy consumption, foreign direct investment, medium and high-tech industry, and GDP have been found highly unfavorable for the ecological health (CO emissions) in 49 nations on BRI panel.

High-efficiency sample preparation with dimethylformamide for multi-element determination in pharmaceutical materials by ICP-AES.

The pressure to reduce cycle times of sample analysis has made it increasingly important to improve sample throughput during pharmaceutical process development. For ICP-based analyses, sample preparation is often the bottleneck of the entire analytical scheme due to the tedious digestion procedure and lacking a universal diluent for organic compounds. In this work, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as a "universal" organic diluent so that the sample preparation can be simplified as a "dilute-and-shoot" procedure.

High-throughput metal screening in pharmaceutical samples by ICP-MS with automated flow injection using a modified HPLC configuration.

There is growing pressure in pharmaceutical research and development to increase sample throughput and turnaround time for metal analysis. This need is especially pronounced when a large number of samples must be analyzed to support rapid remediation of metal contamination problems. In this study we describe the utilization of an HPLC-ICP-MS system in automated flow injection (FI) mode for the rapid assessment of metal (palladium, rhodium, chromium, etc.

Identification and characterization of isomeric intermediates in a catalyst formation reaction by means of speciation analysis using HPLC-ICPMS and HPLC-ESI-MS.

Information on chemical speciation is much needed in mechanistic and kinetic studies on catalyst formation processes in pharmaceutical research. Speciation analysis was applied to the identification and quantification of various rhodium species involved in a ligand exchange process leading to formation of catalyst dirhodium(II) tetrakis[methyl 2-oxopyrrolidin-5(S)-carboxylate]. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) was used as an element-specific detector following species separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used for species identification and confirmation.

Determination of ruthenium in pharmaceutical compounds by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.

A graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) spectrometric method for the determination of ruthenium (Rh) in solid and liquid pharmaceutical compounds has been developed. Samples are dissolved or diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) without any other treatment before they were analyzed by GFAA with a carefully designed heating program to avoid pre-atomization signal loss and to achieve suitable sensitivity. Various inorganic and organic solvents were tested and compared and DMSO was found to be the most suitable.

Direct determination of metals in organics by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry in aqueous matrices.

A simple method for the simultaneous determination of up to 21 elements in organic matrices is proposed. Organic samples are simply dispersed in concentrated nitric acid by sonication, and the resulting emulsions/suspensions are directly aspirated into an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) calibrated with aqueous standards for analysis. Proof of concept was provided by the excellent recoveries for the analysis of a 21-element metallo-organic standard.