Coinfecting phages impede each other's entry into the cell.

The developmental choice made by temperate phages, between cell death (lysis) and viral dormancy (lysogeny), is influenced by the relative abundance of viruses and hosts in the environment. The paradigm for this abundance-driven decision is phage lambda of E. coli, whose propensity to lysogenize increases with the number of viruses coinfecting the same bacterium.

Transcription-replication interactions reveal bacterial genome regulation.

Organisms determine the transcription rates of thousands of genes through a few modes of regulation that recur across the genome. In bacteria, the relationship between the regulatory architecture of a gene and its expression is well understood for individual model gene circuits. However, a broader perspective of these dynamics at the genome scale is lacking, in part because bacterial transcriptomics has hitherto captured only a static snapshot of expression averaged across millions of cells.

CO-INFECTING PHAGES IMPEDE EACH OTHER'S ENTRY INTO THE CELL.

Bacteriophage lambda tunes its propensity to lysogenize based on the number of viral genome copies inside the infected cell. Viral self-counting is believed to serve as a way of inferring the abundance of available hosts in the environment. This interpretation is premised on an accurate mapping between the extracellular phage-to-bacteria ratio and the intracellular multiplicity of infection (MOI).

Transcription-replication interactions reveal principles of bacterial genome regulation.

Organisms determine the transcription rates of thousands of genes through a few modes of regulation that recur across the genome. These modes interact with a changing cellular environment to yield highly dynamic expression patterns. In bacteria, the relationship between a gene's regulatory architecture and its expression is well understood for individual model gene circuits.

Autophagosomes fuse to phagosomes and facilitate the degradation of apoptotic cells in .

Autophagosomes are double-membrane intracellular vesicles that degrade protein aggregates, intracellular organelles, and other cellular components. During the development of the nematode , many somatic and germ cells undergo apoptosis. These cells are engulfed and degraded by their neighboring cells.

Bacteriophage self-counting in the presence of viral replication.

When host cells are in low abundance, temperate bacteriophages opt for dormant (lysogenic) infection. Phage lambda implements this strategy by increasing the frequency of lysogeny at higher multiplicity of infection (MOI). However, it remains unclear how the phage reliably counts infecting viral genomes even as their intracellular number increases because of replication.