The role of microRNA-142a in Toxoplasma gondii infection-induced downregulation of Foxp3: implications for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is capable of infecting nearly all warm-blooded animals and approximately 30% of the global population. Though most infections are subclinical in immunocompetent individuals, congenital contraction can lead to severe consequences such as spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and a range of cranio-cerebral and/or ocular abnormalities.

Skin derived precursors induced Schwann cells mediated tissue engineering-aided neuroregeneration across sciatic nerve defect.

A central question in neural tissue engineering is how the tissue-engineered nerve (TEN) translates detailed transcriptional signals associated with peripheral nerve regeneration into meaningful biological processes. Here, we report a skin-derived precursor-induced Schwann cell (SKP-SC)-mediated chitosan/silk fibroin-fabricated tissue-engineered nerve graft (SKP-SCs-TEN) that can promote sciatic nerve regeneration and functional restoration nearly to the levels achieved by autologous nerve grafts according to behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological evidence. For achieving better effect of neuroregeneration, this is the first time to jointly apply a dynamic perfusion bioreactor and the ascorbic acid to stimulate the SKP-SCs secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM).

Corrigendum: Transcription factor SS18L1 regulates the proliferation, migration and differentiation of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve injury.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.

Neural tissue-engineered prevascularization enhances peripheral neuroregeneration via rapid vascular inosculation.

Neural tissue engineering techniques typically face a significant challenge, simulating complex natural vascular systems that hinder the clinical application of tissue-engineered nerve grafts (TENGs). Here, we report a subcutaneously pre-vascularized TENG consisting of a vascular endothelial growth factor-induced host vascular network, chitosan nerve conduit, and inserted silk fibroin fibers. Contrast agent perfusion, tissue clearing, microCT scan, and blood vessel 3D reconstruction were carried out continuously to prove whether the regenerated blood vessels were functional.

Blood vessel remodeling in late stage of vascular network reconstruction is essential for peripheral nerve regeneration.

One of the bottlenecks of advanced study on tissue engineering in regenerative medicine is rapid and functional vascularization. For a deeper comprehension of vascularization, the exhaustive, dynamic, and three-dimensional depiction of perfused vascular network reconstruction during peripheral nerve regeneration was performed using Micro-CT scanning. The 10 mm defect of sciatic nerve in rat was bridged by the autologous or tissue engineered nerve.

Transcription factor SS18L1 regulates the proliferation, migration and differentiation of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve injury.

Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences, modulate the transcription of target genes, and regulate various biological processes, including peripheral nerve regeneration. Our previous analysis showed that SS18L1, a gene encoding the transcription factor SS18-like protein 1, was differentially expressed in the distal sciatic nerve stumps after rat sciatic nerve transection injury, but its effect on peripheral nerve injury has not been reported. In the current study, we isolated and cultured primary Schwann cells, and examined the role of SS18L1 for the biological functions of the cells.

RSK1 promotes mammalian axon regeneration by inducing the synthesis of regeneration-related proteins.

In contrast to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can regenerate their axons. However, the underlying mechanism dictating the regeneration program after PNS injuries remains poorly understood. Combining chemical inhibitor screening with gain- and loss-of-function analyses, we identified p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) as a crucial regulator of axon regeneration in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after sciatic nerve injury (SNI).

The balanced microenvironment regulated by the degradants of appropriate PLGA scaffolds and chitosan conduit promotes peripheral nerve regeneration.

Tissue-engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) are the most promising way for repairing long-distance peripheral nerve defects. Chitosan and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds are considered as the promising materials in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields especially in the field of tissue engineering. To further clarify the effects of a chitosan conduit inserted with various quantity of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds, and their degrades on the peripheral nerve regeneration, the chitosan nerve conduit inserted with different amounts of PLGA scaffolds were used to repair rat sciatic nerve defects.

Protein phosphorylation profiling of peripheral nerve regeneration after autologous nerve grafting.

Autologous nerve grafting is the golden standard therapeutic approach of peripheral nerve injury. However, the clinical effect of autologous nerve grafting is still unsatisfying. To achieve better clinical functional recovery, it is of an impending need to expand our understanding of the dynamic cellular and molecular changes after nerve transection and autologous nerve transplantation.

Application of stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration.

Traumatic peripheral nerve injury is a worldwide clinical issue with high morbidity. The severity of peripheral nerve injury can be classified as neurapraxia, axonotmesis or neurotmesis, according to Seddon's classification, or five different degrees according to Sunderland's classification. Patients with neurotmesis suffer from a complete transection of peripheral nerve stumps and are often in need of surgical repair of nerve defects.

Biological characteristics of dynamic expression of nerve regeneration related growth factors in dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury.

The regenerative capacity of peripheral nerves is limited after nerve injury. A number of growth factors modulate many cellular behaviors, such as proliferation and migration, and may contribute to nerve repair and regeneration. Our previous study observed the dynamic changes of genes in L4-6 dorsal root ganglion after rat sciatic nerve crush using transcriptome sequencing.

LncRNA BC088259 promotes Schwann cell migration through Vimentin following peripheral nerve injury.

Schwann cell, the major glial cell in the peripheral nervous system, plays an essential role in peripheral nerve regeneration. However, the regulation of Schwann cell behavior following nerve injury is insufficiently explored. According to the development of high-throughput techniques, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recognized.

Novel microRNA, miR-sc6, modulates Schwann cell phenotype via targeting ErbB4.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate various tissues and organs, including the nervous system. Peripheral nerve injury is a common pathology of the nervous system and leads to differential expressions of a variety of miRNAs. Previously, a group of novel miRNAs have been identified in rat proximal nerve segments after sciatic nerve transection.

Tau modulates Schwann cell proliferation, migration and differentiation following peripheral nerve injury.

Tau protein (encoded by the gene microtubule-associated protein tau, ) is essential for the assembly and stability of microtubule and the functional maintenance of the nervous system. Tau is highly abundant in neurons and is detectable in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, whether tau is present in Schwann cells, the unique glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, is unclear.

The microRNAs and down-regulate the axon-guidance genes and during peripheral nerve regeneration.

Axon guidance helps growing neural axons to follow precise paths to reach their target locations. It is a critical step for both the formation and regeneration of neuronal circuitry. Netrin-1 (Ntn1) and its receptor, deleted in colorectal carcinoma (Dcc) are essential factors for axon guidance, but their regulation in this process is incompletely understood.

Systemic functional enrichment and ceRNA network identification following peripheral nerve injury.

Peripheral nerve injury is a worldwide clinical issue that impacts patients' quality of life and causes huge society and economic burden. Injured peripheral nerves are able to regenerate by themselves. However, for severe peripheral nerve injury, the regenerative abilities are very limited and the regenerative effects are very poor.

The dynamic changes of main cell types in the microenvironment of sciatic nerves following sciatic nerve injury and the influence of let-7 on their distribution.

Schwann cells (SCs), fibroblasts and macrophages are the main cells in the peripheral nerve stumps. These three types of cell play important roles in regulating the regeneration microenvironment and improving the regeneration effect through a variety of manual interventions. However, the dynamic distribution of these cells during the different stages of peripheral nerve regeneration remain unclear.

Peripheral Nerve Injury Induces Dynamic Changes of Tight Junction Components.

Tight junctions seal off physical barriers, regulate fluid and solute flow, and protect the endoneurial microenvironment of the peripheral nervous system. Physical barriers in the peripheral nervous system were disrupted after nerve injury. However, the dynamic changes of tight junction components after peripheral nerve injury have not been fully determined yet.

miR-3075 Inhibited the Migration of Schwann Cells by Targeting Cntn2.

Peripheral nerve injury is a complex biological process that involves the expression changes of various coding and non-coding RNAs. Previously, a number of novel miRNAs that were dysregulated in rat sciatic nerve stumps after peripheral nerve injury were identified and functionally annotated by Solexa sequencing. In the current study, we studied one of these identified novel miRNAs, miR-3075, in depth.

miR-129 controls axonal regeneration via regulating insulin-like growth factor-1 in peripheral nerve injury.

The microenvironment of peripheral nerve regeneration consists of multiple neurotrophic factors, adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix molecules, secreted by unique glial cells in the peripheral nerve system (PNS)-Schwann cell (SCs). Following peripheral nerve injury (PNI), local IGF-1 production is upregulated in SCs and denervated muscle during axonal sprouting and regeneration. Regulation of IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling is considered as a potentially targeted therapy of PNI.

lncRNA TNXA-PS1 Modulates Schwann Cells by Functioning As a Competing Endogenous RNA Following Nerve Injury.

As the major glia in PNS, Schwann cells play a critical role in peripheral nerve injury repair. Finding an efficient approach to promote Schwann cell activation might facilitate peripheral nerve repair. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to regulate gene expression and take part in many biological processes.