Evolved cytidine and adenine base editors with high precision and minimized off-target activity by a continuous directed evolution system in mammalian cells.

Continuous directed evolution of base editors (BEs) has been successful in bacteria cells, but not yet in mammalian cells. Here, we report the development of a Continuous Directed Evolution system in Mammalian cells (CDEM). CDEM enables the BE evolution in a full-length manner with Cas9 nickase.

Surgical treatment of aortico-left ventricular tunnel: a 12-year experience.

Objectives: This study reviews 9 patients with aortico-left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) and aims to establish the optimal surgical strategies for this exceptional and rare pathology.

Methods: 54,882 patients underwent open-heart surgery at the Fuwai Hospital between July 1996 and May 2008. Nine of these patients were diagnosed with ALVT.

[Surgical treatment of giant coronary artery aneurysm].

Objective: To discuss the clinical features and surgical treatments of giant coronary artery aneurysm (CAA).

Methods: From July 1996 to October 2004, 6 giant CAA patients were underwent surgery at Fuwai hospital. Three cases were underwent CAA resection, 2 concomitant coronary bypass, 3 reconstruction.

[Valve-sparing aortic root replacement in patients with aortic root disease].

Objective: To review the results of the valve-sparing operation (David procedure) in patients with aortic root disease.

Methods: Twenty-nine patients with aortic root disease, 20 males and 9 females, aged 39 +/- 17 (10-64), 10 being of heart functional class I, 15 of class II, and 4 of class III, and 15 with gentle, 9 with moderate, and 5 with severe aortic insufficiency underwent David procedure, one undergoing the aortic valve-sparing reimplantation (David I), 25 undergoing aortic valve-sparing remodeling (David II), and 3 undergoing a new modified aortic valve-sparing operation. After the operation the patients were followed up for 29 +/- 15 months (5-74 months).

Surgical treatment of giant coronary artery aneurysm.

Objective: Giant coronary artery aneurysm is an extremely uncommon disease. Most previous reports have involved only single cases. This report describes 6 patients with giant coronary artery aneurysm, examines its causes, and aims to establish the optimal surgical strategies for this exceptional and rare pathology.