The Effects of Language Barriers and Time Constraints on Online Learning Performance: An Eye-Tracking Study.

Objective: The goal of this study is to model the effect of language use and time pressure on English as a first language (EFL) and English as a second language (ESL) students by measuring their eye movements in an on-screen, self-directed learning environment.

Background: Online learning is becoming integrated into learners' daily lives due to the flexibility in scheduling and location that it offers. However, in many cases, the online learners often have no interaction with one another or their instructors, making it difficult to determine how the learners are reading the materials and whether they are learning effectively.

Intraoperative Margin Assessment in Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer Using Label-Free Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging and Machine Learning.

Objective: To demonstrate the diagnostic ability of label-free, point-scanning, fiber-based Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIm) as a means of intraoperative guidance during oral and oropharyngeal cancer removal surgery.

Methods: FLIm point-measurements acquired from 53 patients (n = 67893 pre-resection in vivo, n = 89695 post-resection ex vivo) undergoing oral or oropharyngeal cancer removal surgery were used for analysis. Discrimination of healthy tissue and cancer was investigated using various FLIm-derived parameter sets and classifiers (Support Vector Machine, Random Forests, CNN).

Fluorescence lifetime imaging for intraoperative cancer delineation in transoral robotic surgery.

This study evaluates the potential for fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) to enhance intraoperative decisionmaking during robotic-assisted surgery of oropharyngeal cancer. Using a custom built FLIm instrument integrated with the da Vinci robotic surgical platform, we first demonstrate that cancer in epithelial tissue diagnosed by histopathology can be differentiated from surrounding healthy epithelial tissue imaged prior to cancer resection and on the excised specimen. Second, we study the fluorescence properties of tissue imaged at surgical resection margins (tumor bed).

Method for accurate registration of tissue autofluorescence imaging data with corresponding histology: a means for enhanced tumor margin assessment.

An important step in establishing the diagnostic potential for emerging optical imaging techniques is accurate registration between imaging data and the corresponding tissue histopathology typically used as gold standard in clinical diagnostics. We present a method to precisely register data acquired with a point-scanning spectroscopic imaging technique from fresh surgical tissue specimen blocks with corresponding histological sections. Using a visible aiming beam to augment point-scanning multispectral time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy on video images, we evaluate two different markers for the registration with histology: fiducial markers using a 405-nm CW laser and the tissue block's outer shape characteristics.