Estimation of wheat protein content and wet gluten content based on fusion of hyperspectral and RGB sensors using machine learning algorithms.

The protein content (PC) and wet gluten content (WGC) are crucial indicators determining the quality of wheat, playing a pivotal role in evaluating processing and baking performance. Original reflectance (OR), wavelet feature (WF), and color index (CI) were extracted from hyperspectral and RGB sensors. Combining Pearson-competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARs)-variance inflation factor (VIF) with four machine learning (ML) algorithms were used to model accuracy of PC and WGC.

Appropriate reduction of importin-α gene expression enhances yellow dwarf disease resistance in common wheat.

Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) cause widespread damage to global cereal crops. Here we report a novel strategy for elevating resistance to BYDV infection. The 17K protein, a potent virulence factor conserved in BYDVs, interacted with barley IMP-α1 and -α2 proteins that are nuclear transport receptors.

TaWRKY74 participates copper tolerance through regulation of TaGST1 expression and GSH content in wheat.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is the key enzyme in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and plays a crucial role in copper (Cu) detoxification. Nonetheless, its regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we identified a Cu-induced glutathione S-transferase 1 (TaGST1) gene in wheat.

TaPHT1;9-4B and its transcriptional regulator TaMYB4-7D contribute to phosphate uptake and plant growth in bread wheat.

Efficient phosphate (Pi) uptake and utilisation are essential for promoting crop yield. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still poorly understood in complex crop species such as hexaploid wheat. Here we report that TaPHT1;9-4B and its transcriptional regulator TaMYB4-7D function in Pi acquisition, translocation and plant growth in bread wheat.

Tillage and irrigation increase wheat root systems at deep soil layer and grain yields in lime concretion black soil.

In lime concretion black soil, a two-factor (tillage and irrigation) split block experiment from 2015 to 2017 was conducted to identify whether their combination is suitable for the improvement of winter wheat yield and water use efficiency. The main treatments were subsoiling (SS) and rotary tillage (RT), with secondary treatments of three irrigation regimes: no irrigation during the whole growth period (W0), irrigation at jointing stage (W1), and irrigation at both jointing and anthesis stages (W2). In combination with a soil column experiment, the contribution of the root system in different soil layers to yield was clarified.

Melatonin promotes potassium deficiency tolerance by regulating HAK1 transporter and its upstream transcription factor NAC71 in wheat.

Melatonin (MT) is involved in various physiological processes and stress responses in animals and plants. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which MT regulates potassium deficiency (DK) tolerance in crops. In this study, an appropriate concentration (50 μmol/L) was found to enhance the tolerance of wheat plants against DK.

Successive biochar amendment affected crop yield by regulating soil nitrogen functional microbes in wheat-maize rotation farmland.

Biochar has attracted increased attention because of its potential benefits for carbon sequestration, soil fertility, and contaminant immobilization. However, mechanism of long-term successive biochar amendment affected crop yield by regulating soil properties and nitrogen (N) functional microbes is still unclear by now. A field fixed experiment was carried out from 2011 to 2018 that aimed to study the effects of successive biochar on soil properties, soil nitrogen functional microbial genes, and grain yield in wheat and maize rotation farmland in Northern China.

Comparing methods for estimating leaf area index by multi-angular remote sensing in winter wheat.

The reflectance of wheat's canopy exhibits angular sensitivity, which can influence the accuracy of different methods for its leaf area index (LAI) estimation through multi-angular remote sensing. The primary objective of this study was to assess and compare the ability of various methods for LAI estimation from 13 view zenith angles (VZAs). The four methods included: (1) common hyper-spectral vegetation indices (VIs), (2) optimal two-band combination VIs (i.

Coordination of carbon and nitrogen accumulation and translocation of winter wheat plant to improve grain yield and processing quality.

The objective of this work was to characterize the accumulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and the translocation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to achieve both high-quality and high-yield. Twenty-four wheat cultivars, including 12 cultivars containing high-quality gluten subunit 5 + 10 at Glu-D1, and 12 cultivars with no Glu-D1 5 + 10, were planted at Yuanyang and Xuchang in Henan Province, during 2016-2017, and 2017-2018 cropping seasons.

Root and nitrate-N distribution and optimization of N input in winter wheat.

Scientific management of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has a significant effect on yield while also reducing the environmental risks. In this study, we conducted field experiments over three years at two different sites (Zhengzhou and Shangshui) in Henan Province, China, using different N application rates (0, 90,180, 270, and 360 kg ha) to determine the relationships between soil N supply and N demand in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The Highly Conserved Barley Powdery Mildew Effector Confers Susceptibility to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens in Wheat.

Effector proteins secreted by plant pathogens play important roles in promoting colonization. effector candidate () 1019, a highly conserved metalloprotease of f. sp.

Effects of cultivation management on the winter wheat grain yield and water utilization efficiency.

The growth of winter wheat consumes a substantial amounts of water, and precipitation in most years cannot meet the water demand for the normal growth of winter wheat. The unsuitable irrigation strategies waste a large number of water resource, and the low water use efficiency has become the main factor limiting wheat yields. This research explored the effects of different cultivation managements on water consumption characteristics, water utilization efficiency, and grain yields of winter wheat.

Integrative Analysis of the Wheat Gene Family Reveals A Novel Member Involved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Phosphate Transport and Immunity.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the main growth-limiting factors for plants. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can significantly promote P uptake. Generally, PHT1 transporters play key roles in plants' P uptake, and thus, genes have been investigated in some plants, but the regulation and functions of these genes in wheat () during AM symbiosis have not been studied in depth.

Approach to Higher Wheat Yield in the Huang-Huai Plain: Improving Post-anthesis Productivity to Increase Harvest Index.

Both increased harvest index (HI) and increased dry matter (DM) are beneficial to yield; however, little is known about the priority of each under different yield levels. This paper aims to determine whether HI or DM is more important and identify the physiological attributes that act as indicators of increased yield. Two field experiments involving different cultivation patterns and water-nitrogen modes, respectively, were carried out from 2013 to 2016 in Huang-Huai Plain, China.

Quantitative analysis of the grain amyloplast proteome reveals differences in metabolism between two wheat cultivars at two stages of grain development.

Background: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world's most important grain crops. The amyloplast, a specialized organelle, is the major site for starch synthesis and storage in wheat grain.

Grain number responses to pre-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen in improving wheat yield in the Huang-Huai Plain.

Wheat yield components vary between different ecological regions and yield levels. Grain number responses to pre-anthesis dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in increasing yield were always investigated in spike organs, neglecting the effect of non-spike organ nutrition or overall distribution. This paper determined the relationships between grain number and pre-anthesis DM and N in spike and non-spike organs under different yield levels, with using two sorts of field experiments (different water-nitrogen modes and cultivation management patterns) from 2012-2015 in Huang-Huai plain.

Large-scale Proteomics Combined with Transgenic Experiments Demonstrates An Important Role of Jasmonic Acid in Potassium Deficiency Response in Wheat and Rice.

Potassium (K) is the most abundant inorganic cation in plants, and molecular dissection of K deficiency has received considerable interest in order to minimize K fertilizer input and develop high quality K-efficient crops. However, the molecular mechanism of plant responses to K deficiency is still poorly understood. In this study, 2-week-old bread wheat seedlings grown hydroponically in Hoagland solution were transferred to K-free conditions for 8 d, and their root and leaf proteome profiles were assessed using the iTRAQ proteome method.

Physiological Responses and Yield of Wheat Plants in Zinc-Mediated Alleviation of Drought Stress.

To evaluate the physiological responses of wheat to zinc (Zn) fertilizer application under drought stress, pot, and field experiments were conducted on wheat plants grown under different soil moistures and treated with soil and foliar Zn applications. Photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant content, Zn element concentration, and the transcription level of genes involved in antioxidant biosynthesis were analyzed. Zn application increased SPAD and of wheat flag leaves, while decreased lipid peroxidation levels and HO content.

Effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on grain amino acid composition and protein quality in winter wheat.

Water management and nitrogen application are critical factors in wheat grain yield and protein quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on the grain yield, protein content and amino acid composition of winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted in a split-plot design with three replications in high-yielding land on the North China Plain in 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015.

Functional Analysis of a Wheat AGPase Plastidial Small Subunit with a Truncated Transit Peptide.

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), the key enzyme in starch synthesis, consists of two small subunits and two large subunits with cytosolic and plastidial isoforms. In our previous study, a cDNA sequence encoding the plastidial small subunit (TaAGPS1b) of AGPase in grains of bread wheat ( L.) was isolated and the protein subunit encoded by this gene was characterized as a truncated transit peptide (about 50% shorter than those of other plant AGPS1bs).

Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Identifies an Important Role of the TaRSR1 Transcription Factor in Starch Synthesis in Bread Wheat.

The function of a wheat starch regulator 1 (TaRSR1) in regulating the synthesis of grain storage starch was determined using the barley stripe mosaic virus-virus induced gene-silencing (BSMV-VIGS) method in field experiments. Chlorotic stripes appeared on the wheat spikes infected with barley stripe mosaic virus-virus induced gene-silencing- wheat starch regulator 1 (BSMV-VIGS-TaRSR1) at 15 days after anthesis, at which time the transcription levels of the TaRSR1 gene significantly decreased. Quantitative real-time PCR was also used to measure the transcription levels of 26 starch synthesis-related enzyme genes in the grains of BSMV-VIGS-TaRSR1-silenced wheat plants at 20, 27, and 31 days after anthesis.

Alleviation of Drought Stress by Hydrogen Sulfide Is Partially Related to the Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathway in Wheat.

Little information is available describing the effects of exogenous H2S on the ABA pathway in the acquisition of drought tolerance in wheat. In this study, we investigated the physiological parameters, the transcription levels of several genes involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism pathway, and the ABA and H2S contents in wheat leaves and roots under drought stress in response to exogenous NaHS treatment. The results showed that pretreatment with NaHS significantly increased plant height and the leaf relative water content of seedlings under drought stress.

Wheat Grain Yield Increase in Response to Pre-Anthesis Foliar Application of 6-Benzylaminopurine Is Dependent on Floret Development.

Wheat yield is largely determined during the period prior to flowering, when the final numbers of fertile florets and grains per spike are established. The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of floret primordia development in winter wheat in response to pre-anthesis application of a synthetic cytokinin, 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA). We conducted an experiment in which two foliar spray treatments were applied (water or 6-BA) to Chinese winter wheat at 25 days after jointing during two growing seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014).

Nitrous Oxide Emission and Denitrifier Abundance in Two Agricultural Soils Amended with Crop Residues and Urea in the North China Plain.

The application of crop residues combined with Nitrogen (N) fertilizer has been broadly adopted in China. Crop residue amendments can provide readily available C and N, as well as other nutrients to agricultural soils, but also intensify the N fixation, further affecting N2O emissions. N2O pulses are obviously driven by rainfall, irrigation and fertilization.