TaWRKY74 participates copper tolerance through regulation of TaGST1 expression and GSH content in wheat.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is the key enzyme in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and plays a crucial role in copper (Cu) detoxification. Nonetheless, its regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we identified a Cu-induced glutathione S-transferase 1 (TaGST1) gene in wheat.

Melatonin promotes potassium deficiency tolerance by regulating HAK1 transporter and its upstream transcription factor NAC71 in wheat.

Melatonin (MT) is involved in various physiological processes and stress responses in animals and plants. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which MT regulates potassium deficiency (DK) tolerance in crops. In this study, an appropriate concentration (50 μmol/L) was found to enhance the tolerance of wheat plants against DK.

Root and nitrate-N distribution and optimization of N input in winter wheat.

Scientific management of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has a significant effect on yield while also reducing the environmental risks. In this study, we conducted field experiments over three years at two different sites (Zhengzhou and Shangshui) in Henan Province, China, using different N application rates (0, 90,180, 270, and 360 kg ha) to determine the relationships between soil N supply and N demand in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Comprehensive analysis of the transcription of starch synthesis genes and the transcription factor RSR1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm.

The cDNA sequences of 26 starch synthesis genes were identified in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and their transcript levels were measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR to assess the function of individual genes and the regulatory mechanism in wheat endosperm. The expression patterns of 26 genes in wheat endosperm were classified into three groups.

Identification of the TaBTF3 gene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the effect of its silencing on wheat chloroplast, mitochondria and mesophyll cell development.

The full-length cDNA (882bp) and DNA (1742bp) sequences encoding a basic transcription factor 3, designated as TaBTF3, were first isolated from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Subcellular localization studies revealed that the TaBTF3 protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Identification and expression pattern of ribosomal L5 gene in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The full-length cDNA sequence (1158 bp) encoding a ribosomal L5 protein, designated as TaL5, was firstly isolated from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method (RACE). The open reading frame (ORF) of TaL5 gene was 906 bp, and its deduced amino acid sequence (301 residues) shared high similarity to those of other higher plant L5 proteins.

[Effects of combined application of biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on winter wheat rhizosphere soil microorganisms and enzyme activities].

This paper studied the effects of combined application of biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer under same N application rate on the quantities of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi as well as the activities of urease, protease and catalase in winter wheat rhizosphere soil. With the growth of winter wheat, the quantities of test microorganisms and the activities of urease and catalase showed a trend of increasing after an initial decrease, while the protease activity showed an S-type change. Combined application of biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer increased the quantities of test microorganisms significantly, and improved the activities of soil urease and protease.

A novel Ta.AGP.S.1b transcript in Chinese common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), the key enzyme of starch synthesis in plants, is composed of two small and two large subunits, and has plastidial and cytosolic isoforms. In kernels of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.

[Effects of ecological factors on the dough extensograph parameters of different winter wheat cultivars].

In 2000-2001 and 2001-2002, six representative winter wheat cultivars Yumai 34, Gaomai 8901, Yumai 49, Yumai 70, Luoyang 8716, and Yumai 50 were consecutively grown at five locations (Xinyang, Zhumadian, Xuchang, Wuzhi, and Tangyin) with latitudes varying from 32 degrees N to 36 degrees N in Henan Province, aimed to understand the relationships of winter wheat dough extensograph parameters with genetic and ecological factors. The dough extensograph parameters were more affected by genetic factors than by ecological factors. Cultivars Yumai 34 and Gaomai 8901 had significantly higher maximum resistance and extension area than the other four test cultivars, and significant differences in the dough extensograph parameters were observed between the cultivars grown in the south region (Xinyang and Zhumadian) and in the north region (Wuzhi and Tangyin) of the Province.

[Effects of latitude on grain's protein components of winter wheat cultivars].

Six representative winter wheat cultivars were planted at five locations with the latitude varied from 32 degrees N to 36 degrees N in Henan Province to study the effects of latitude on their grain's protein components. The results showed that with increasing latitude, the contents of albumin and gliadin decreased, while glutenin content, glutenin/gliadin ratio, sum of protein components, and grain yield increased. The grain's albumin content of test cultivars at Xinyang, gliadin content at Zhumadian and Xuchang, and glutenin content and glutenin/gliadin ratio at Wuzhi and Tangyin were higher than those at other locations.

[Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains].

With wheat cultivars Yumai 34 (strong-gluten wheat) and Yumai 50 (weak-gluten wheat) as test materials, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of three irrigation treatments (irrigation at jointing stage, at jointing and grain-filling stages, and at jointing, grain-filling, and pre-maturing stages), three nitrogen application rates (0, 150, and 270 kg x hm(-2)), and their combinations on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains. The results showed that for strong-gluten wheat cultivar Yumai 34, applying 270 kg x hm(-2) of N increased the total content of protein and the contents of albumin, gliadin and glutelin, and enhanced the glutelin/gliadin ratio. This application rate of nitrogen also increased the total content of starch and the content of amylopectin, and decreased the amylose/amylopetin ratio.

[Effects of nitrogen application rate on soil enzyme activities in wheat rhizosphere].

This paper studied the effects of nitrogen application rate on the soil enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of wheat cultivars Lankaoaizao 8, a large spike genotype, and Yumai 49-198, a small spike genotype, under high yield condition. The results showed that the enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil had similar changing trends with wheat growth. The protease, urease and dehydrogenase activities in rhizosphere soil increased with wheat growth, maximized at heading stage, jointing stage, and heading stage, respectively, and decreased thereafter.

[Key enzymes in starch synthesis in plants].

Starch, the most common form of stored carbon in plants, is both the major food source for mankind and important raw material for many industries. It is composed of two types of alpha-1,4-linked glucan polymer: essentially unbranched amylose and regularly branched amylopectin, and synthesized in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs. Starch is synthesized via four committed enzyme steps: ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase, which synthesizes sugar nucleotide precursors; starch synthase, which extends the alpha-1,4-linked glucan chains using ADP-Glc; starch-branching enzymes, which introduce alpha-1,6 branch points to form amylopectin; and starch debranching enzymes, which hydrolyze alpha-1,6 branches in glucans.