A Catalyst Tube-Equipped Dual-Stage Tube Furnace System for Accurate Hg Isotopic Determination of Ore Samples Using Neptune Plus Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.

Mercury (Hg) isotopes, which display mass-dependent fractionation and mass-independent fractionation, provide a multidimensional tracer to decipher the source of metals in mineral deposits. However, mineral ore samples usually contain abundant interfering elements (e.g.

Potato β-aminobutyric acid receptor IBI1 manipulates VOZ1 and VOZ2 transcription factor activity to promote disease resistance.

Upon infection with nonpathogenic microorganisms or treatment with natural or synthetic compounds, plants exhibit a more rapid and potent response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon, known as defense priming, are poorly understood. β-minobutyric acid (BABA) is an endogenous stress metabolite that enhances plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses and primes plant defense responses, providing the ability to resist a variety of pathogens (broad-spectrum resistance).

Chloroplast elongation factors break the growth-immunity trade-off by simultaneously promoting yield and defence.

Chloroplasts regulate plant development and immunity. Here we report that potato chloroplast elongation factors StTuA and StTuB, targeted by Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi22926, positively regulate immunity and growth. Plants expressing Pi22926, or silenced for TuA/B, show increased P.

Chloroplast protein StFC-II was manipulated by a effector to enhance host susceptibility.

Oomycete secretes a range of RxLR effectors into host cells to manipulate plant immunity by targeting proteins from several organelles. In this study, we report that chloroplast protein StFC-II is hijacked by a pathogen effector to enhance susceptibility. RxLR effector is activated during the early stages of colonization.

Potato E3 ubiquitin ligase StRFP1 positively regulates late blight resistance by degrading sugar transporters StSWEET10c and StSWEET11.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the fourth largest food crop in the world. Late blight, caused by oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the most devastating disease threatening potato production. Previous research has shown that StRFP1, a potato Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) family protein, positively regulates late blight resistance via its E3 ligase activity.

Potato miR394 targets StA/N-INVE and StLCR to negatively regulate late blight resistance.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs in eukaryotes. Plant endogenous miRNAs play pivotal roles in regulating plant development and defense responses. MicroRNA394 (miR394) has been reported to regulate plant development, abiotic stresses and defense responses.

Association Between Liver Fibrosis Score and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of Hospitalized Patients.

Objectives: To investigate the association between liver fibrosis score and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: A total of 897 hospitalized patients with T2DM were included in this study. Each patient completed DKD screening.

High-quality assembled and annotated genomes of Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana benthamiana reveal chromosome evolution and changes in defense arsenals.

Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana benthamiana are widely used models in plant biology research. However, genomic studies of these species have lagged. Here we report the chromosome-level reference genome assemblies for N.

Genetic variations in participate in the negative regulation of mesocarp cell division and fruit size in species.

Unlabelled: Final fruit size of apple () cultivars is related to both mesocarp cell division and cell expansion during fruit growth, but it is unclear whether the cell division and/or cell enlargement determine most of the differences in fruit size between species. In this study, by using an interspecific hybrid population between "Zisai Pearl" and cultivar "Red Fuji," we found that the mesocarp cell number was the main causal factor of diversity in fruit size between species. Rapid increase in mesocarp cell number occurred prior to 28 days after anthesis (DAA), while cell size increased gradually after 28 DAA until fruit ripening.

A highly sensitive biotin-based probe for small RNA northern blot and its application in dissecting miRNA function in pepper.

Small RNAs play important roles in regulation of plant development and response to various stresses. Northern blot is an important technique in small RNA research. Isotope- and biotin- (or digoxigenin) labeled probes are frequently used in small RNA northern blot.

A Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR8 suppresses plant immunity by targeting a desumoylating isopeptidase DeSI2.

The potato's most devastating disease is late blight, which is caused by Phytophthora infestans. Whereas various resistance (R) genes are known, most are typically defeated by this fast-evolving oomycete pathogen. However, the broad-spectrum and durable R8 is a vital gene resource for potato resistance breeding.

Identification of miRNAs Involving Potato- Interaction.

sRNAs (small RNAs) play an important role in regulation of plant immunity against a variety of pathogens. In this study, sRNA sequencing analysis was performed to identify miRNAs (microRNAs) during the interaction of potato and . Totally, 171 potato miRNAs were identified, 43 of which were annotated in the miRNA database and 128 were assigned as novel miRNAs in this study.

A bulked segregant analysis tool for out-crossing species (BSATOS) and QTL-based genomics-assisted prediction of complex traits in apple.

Introduction: Genomic heterozygosity, self-incompatibility, and rich-in somatic mutations hinder the molecular breeding efficiency of outcrossing plants.

Objectives: We attempted to develop an efficient integrated strategy to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and trait-associated genes, to develop gene markers, and to construct genomics-assisted prediction (GAP) modes.

Methods: A novel protocol, bulked segregant analysis tool for out-crossing species (BSATOS), is presented here, which is characterized by taking full advantage of all segregation patterns (including AB × AB markers) and haplotype information.

A Phytophthora effector promotes homodimerization of host transcription factor StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility.

Oomycete pathogens secrete hundreds of cytoplasmic RxLR effectors to modulate host immunity by targeting diverse plant proteins. Revealing how effectors manipulate host proteins is pivotal to understanding infection processes and to developing new strategies to control plant disease. Here we show that the Phytophthora infestans RxLR effector Pi22798 interacts in the nucleus with a potato class II knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factor, StKNOX3.

Potato StLecRK-IV.1 negatively regulates late blight resistance by affecting the stability of a positive regulator StTET8.

Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) regulate many processes in plants. Many RLKs perform significant roles in plant immunity. Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) are a large family of RLKs.

Heterologous overexpression of StERF3 triggers cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Programmed cell death plays a crucial role in plant development and disease defense. Here, we report that the expression of StERF3, a potato EAR motif-containing transcription factor, promotes Phytophthora infestans colonization in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient overexpression of StERF3 induces cell death in N.

Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi04089 perturbs diverse defense-related genes to suppress host immunity.

Background: The oomycete pathogen secretes many effectors into host cells to manipulate host defenses. For the majority of effectors, the mechanisms related to how they alter the expression of host genes and reprogram defenses are not well understood. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms governing the influence that the Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi04089 has on host immunity, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted on Pi04089 stable transgenic and wild-type potato plants.

Evolutionarily distinct resistance proteins detect a pathogen effector through its association with different host targets.

Knowledge of the evolutionary processes which govern pathogen recognition is critical to understanding durable disease resistance. We determined how Phytophthora infestans effector PiAVR2 is recognised by evolutionarily distinct resistance proteins R2 and Rpi-mcq1. We employed yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression, and phosphatase activity assays to investigate the contributions of BSL phosphatases to R2- and Rpi-mcq1-mediated hypersensitive response (R2 HR and Rpi-mcq1 HR, respectively).

Quantitative trait loci-based genomics-assisted prediction for the degree of apple fruit cover color.

Apple fruit cover color is an important appearance trait determining fruit quality, high degree of fruit cover color or completely red fruit skin is also the ultimate breeding goal. MdMYB1 has repeatedly been reported as a major gene controlling apple fruit cover color. There are also multiple minor-effect genes affecting degree of fruit cover color (DFC).

The dihydroflavonol 4-reductase BoDFR1 drives anthocyanin accumulation in pink-leaved ornamental kale.

Overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing verified BoDFR1 conferred the anthocyanin accumulation in pink-leaved ornamental kale. Leaf color is an essential trait in the important horticultural biennial plant ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala).

The Ubiquitin E3 Ligase PUB17 Positively Regulates Immunity by Targeting a Negative Regulator, KH17, for Degradation.

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that regulates many processes in plants. Several ubiquitin E3 ligases act as either positive or negative regulators of immunity by promoting the degradation of different substrates. StPUB17 is an E3 ligase that has previously been shown to positively regulate immunity to bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, including the late blight pathogen .